{"id":10069,"date":"2020-03-15T02:55:34","date_gmt":"2020-03-14T23:55:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/baskanlik-rejimi-ve-ekonomi\/"},"modified":"2020-05-05T13:22:31","modified_gmt":"2020-05-05T11:22:31","slug":"baskanlik-rejimi-ve-ekonomi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/baskanlik-rejimi-ve-ekonomi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Rejimi ve Ekonomi"},"content":{"rendered":"

19 Ocak 2017 Per\u015fembe Saat 11:47<\/p>\n

\n
Bir \u00fclkenin parlamenter sistem veya ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimi ile y\u00f6netilmesi ekonomik performans\u0131n\u0131 etkiler mi? T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu ciddi sorunlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 9 Ocak 2017 tarihinde TBMM\u2019nin g\u00fcndemine getirilen ve parlamenter sistemden ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimine ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren anayasa tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etkin bir \u015fekilde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, bu sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131n hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, ekonomi ve
\nsiyaset bilimi literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde iki rejim \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda edinilen
\nbulgular\u0131 bir araya getirerek, yukar\u0131daki soruyu cevaplamaya y\u00f6nelik bir analiz
\nsunmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Rejimi Parlamenter Sisteme Kar\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ve parlamenter rejimlerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131
\nanalizleri 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar gitmektedir. Bu iki sistemin art\u0131
\nve eksileri konusundaki \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda hem Walter Bagehot hem de Woodrow
\nWilson Parlamenter sistemin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bahsederler.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimlerini parlamenter sistemlerden ay\u0131ran en
\n\u00f6nemli iki \u00f6zellik, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminde halk taraf\u0131ndan
\ndo\u011frudan se\u00e7ilmesi ve g\u00fcven oylamas\u0131na tabii olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Parlamenter sistemlerde
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet ve y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin ba\u015f\u0131 (ba\u015fbakan) meclis taraf\u0131ndan onan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015fbakan\u0131n ne kadar g\u00f6revde kalaca\u011f\u0131 yine yasaman\u0131n
\ng\u00fcvenoyuna tabiidir. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131kta ise ba\u015fkan\u0131n d\u00f6nemi anayasada belirtilmi\u015ftir
\nve sabittir. Bu iki rejimle y\u00f6netilen \u00fclkelere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, anayasal
\ndevaml\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren tek ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri oldu\u011fu
\ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Di\u011fer istikrar g\u00f6steren ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin baz\u0131 \u00f6gelerini ta\u015f\u0131yan
\nFinlandiya ve Fransa ise karma rejimlerdir.<\/p>\n

Parlamenter demokrasilerde de istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6zlemlenir,
\nfakat \u00f6nemli fark zaman zaman ya\u015fanan krizlerin rejim krizine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeden
\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmesidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Hindistan gibi etnik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n keskin oldu\u011fu
\ntoplumlarda bile parlamenter rejim \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretebilmi\u015ftir (Linz, 1985).<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ve parlamenter rejimler aras\u0131ndaki bu istikrar
\nfark\u0131 tesad\u00fcf m\u00fcd\u00fcr, yoksa bu iki sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015finin bir sonucu mudur?
\n1990\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Sovyet kom\u00fcnizminin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclkenin yeni rejim aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir
\nivme kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k sonucu ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin daha
\nistikrars\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131n rastlant\u0131sal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (Linz, 1994).<\/p>\n

O Halde Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Rejimleri Neden \u0130stikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nK\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fcyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar aras\u0131nda 1)<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131k
\nse\u00e7imlerinde kazanan ve kaybedenlerinin keskin olmas\u0131 ve kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve
\nkay\u0131plar\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresince devam etmesinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k 2)<\/strong>
\nhem ba\u015fkan hem de meclisin me\u015fruiyet iddias\u0131 ve bu ikisi aras\u0131ndaki potansiyel
\ns\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme 3)<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131k s\u00fcresinin sabit olmas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131k 4)<\/strong>
\nsistemin ba\u015fkana verdi\u011fi g\u00fcc\u00fcn ve misyonun se\u00e7menden al\u0131nan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 deste\u011fin
\n\u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde olmas\u0131 en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellikler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u2018ba\u015fkanl\u0131k m\u0131 Parlamenter
\nsistem mi?\u2019 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu iki rejimin ekonomik performans \u00fczerine etkisini
\nara\u015ft\u0131rmaya evrilmi\u015ftir. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda, halen yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n devam
\netti\u011fi bu alanda \u015fu ana kadar ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli bulgular sunulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rejimlerin ekonomik ve siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ilgili
\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00fc\u00e7 kategoride incelenebilir.<\/p>\n

Parlamenter ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemlerinin ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131
\nilk kez Persson ve Tabellini (2003) taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00fclke verileri
\nkullan\u0131larak sistematik bir \u015fekilde analiz edilmi\u015ftir. Persson ve Tabellini
\n(2003) bir \u00e7ok ekonomik g\u00f6stergeye bakmakla birlikte, kamu harcamalar\u0131 ve
\nkompozisyonunun iki rejim aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine odaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1. Rejimlerin Kamu Harcamalar\u0131 ve B\u00fct\u00e7e \u00dczerine Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

1990\u2019larda demokrasi olarak nitelendirilebilecek 85 \u00fclkenin
\n1960-1998 aras\u0131 verileri temel al\u0131narak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen analizden elde edilen
\nbulgular Tablo 1\u2019de sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablo 1. Kamu harcamalar\u0131, kompozisyonu ve b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n(milli gelire oran\u0131)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Parlamenter sistem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kamu harcamalar\u0131\/milli gelir\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 18.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 30.1<\/p>\n

Sosyal refah harcamalar\u0131 \/milli gelir\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9.0<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131\/milli gelir\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.3<\/p>\n

Kaynak: Persson ve Tabellini (2003), 1960-1998 aras\u0131
\nortalama de\u011ferler.<\/p>\n

Tablo 1\u2019de listelenen sonu\u00e7lar hem toplam kamu
\nharcamalar\u0131n\u0131n hem de refah harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n milli gelir oran\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131k
\nrejimlerinde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak
\nb\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 Parlamenter sistemlere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 konuda yap\u0131lan di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar genellikle ba\u015fkanl\u0131k
\nrejimlerinin kamu ve refah harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkisini teyit etmektedir
\n(Gregorini ve Longoni, 2009 Rockey, 2012).<\/p>\n

2- Rejimlerin siyasi geli\u015fmi\u015flik, ekonomik ve be\u015feri
\nkalk\u0131nma g\u00f6stergeleri \u00fczerine etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gerring vd. (2009) bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 rejim analizini
\ngeni\u015fleterek y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin hem siyasi geli\u015fmi\u015flik, hem de ekonomik ve
\nbe\u015feri kalk\u0131nma \u00fczerine etkisini, 124 \u00fclkenin 1951-2000 d\u00f6nemine ait
\nverileriyle analiz etmi\u015flerdir. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Tablo 2\u2019de
\nsunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablo 2 Parlamenter sistemin (ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimine k\u0131yasla) bu
\ng\u00f6stergeleri nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Tablo 2. Siyasi geli\u015fmi\u015flik, ekonomik ve be\u015feri kalk\u0131nma
\ng\u00f6stergeleri<\/p>\n

G\u00f6stergeler\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Parlamenter
\nsistem (ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimine k\u0131yasla)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Siyasi geli\u015fmi\u015flik g\u00f6stergeleri<\/p>\n

Yolsuzluk endeksi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/p>\n

Etkin y\u00f6netim endeksi\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek<\/p>\n

B\u00fcrokrasi kalite endeksi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek<\/p>\n

Siyasi istikrar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek<\/p>\n

Ekonomik kalk\u0131nma g\u00f6stergeleri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 milli gelir\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek<\/p>\n

Telefon hatt\u0131 yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek (% 45)<\/p>\n

Ticaret hacmi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha y\u00fcksek
\n(% 30)<\/p>\n

Yat\u0131r\u0131m puan\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek (100 \u00fczerinden 6 puan)<\/p>\n

Verimlilik\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek<\/p>\n

Be\u015feri kalk\u0131nma g\u00f6stergeleri<\/p>\n

Ortalama \u00f6m\u00fcr Daha
\ny\u00fcksek (% 2)<\/p>\n

Bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmleri oran\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (% 23)<\/p>\n

Okur-yazar oran\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ayn\u0131<\/p>\n

Not. Tablodaki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler 1951-2000 aras\u0131 50 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle
\nizlenecek Parlamenter rejimin, 1960-2000 aras\u0131 ortalama de\u011ferler \u00fczerindeki
\nsonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Gerring vd. 2009, sayfa 350). Verimlilik ile
\nilgili sonu\u00e7 Persson ve Tabellini (2003)\u2019ten al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablo 2\u2019nin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda sunulan siyasi geli\u015fmi\u015flik
\ng\u00f6stergeleri ile ilgili sonu\u00e7lar, siyaset bilimi literat\u00fcr\u00fcndeki yukar\u0131da
\nbahsedilen arg\u00fcmanlarla tutarl\u0131 olarak, Parlamenter sistemin daha etkin bir
\ny\u00f6netim ve daha fazla siyasi istikrar sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablonun gerisinde sunulan bulgular, benzer \u015fekilde ekonomik
\nve be\u015feri kalk\u0131nma alanlar\u0131nda da Parlamenter sistemin a\u00e7\u0131k \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne isaret
\netmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmaya konu olan \u00fclkelerde, Parlamenter sistemle y\u00f6netilenlerin
\nhem daha elveri\u015fli yat\u0131r\u0131m ortam\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131, hem de daha y\u00fcksek d\u0131\u015f ticaret
\nhacmi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bu \u00fclkelerin daha y\u00fcksek
\nki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 milli gelire ula\u015fmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Be\u015feri kalk\u0131nma g\u00f6stergeleri de ayn\u0131 durumu
\ntescillemektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayrica Tablo 2\u2019de sunulan iki rejim aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n
\nboyutu Parlamenter rejimin analiz edilen g\u00f6stergelerdeki saglad\u0131\u011f\u0131
\niyile\u015ftirmenin nicelik olarak g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu
\ng\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

3- Rejimlerin Makroekonomik Performans \u00dczerine Etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ve Parlamenter sistem kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131
\nmakroekonomik performans g\u00f6stergeleri \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. McManus ve \u00d6zkan
\n(2016) 119 \u00fclkenin 1950-2015 d\u00f6nemi verilerini kullanarak geni\u015f bir
\nmakroekonomik performans seti \u00fczerinde, y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminin etkisini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.
\n(A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunulacak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kullan\u0131lan rejim gruplamas\u0131 Ek\u2019te
\nD\u00fcnyada Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k, Yar\u0131 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ve Parlamenter Sistemler grafi\u011finde
\ng\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

Grafik 1-4 bu veri setini kullanarak 1950-2015 d\u00f6neminde
\ny\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 milli gelir, enflasyon ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131
\nortalamalar\u0131n\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu grafikler Parlamenter sistemin ba\u015fkanl\u0131k
\nrejimine k\u0131yasla daha iyi bir ekonomik performans sergiledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla
\ng\u00f6stermektedir Parlamenter rejimler daha y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme, daha y\u00fcksek ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131
\nmilli gelir, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enflasyon ve daha adil gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131
\nsa\u011flayabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki rejimin ekonomi \u00fczerine etkisine ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131dan
\nbakabilmek i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli performans g\u00f6stergelerinden olan ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve
\ngelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Grafik 5\u2019te tekrar ve birlikte sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Grafik 5. B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n

Grafik 5\u2019te yatay eksen gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fini \u00f6l\u00e7en Gini
\nkatsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, dikey eksen ise ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Grafi\u011fi
\nd\u00f6rde b\u00f6len yatay ve dikey \u00e7izgiler, analiz edilen \u00fclkelerin ortalama gelir
\ne\u015fitsizli\u011fi ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, sol \u00fcst b\u00f6lmede ortalama-\u00fczeri b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve
\nortalama-alt\u0131 gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fine sahip olan \u00fclkeler konumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Grafik 5,
\nbu kategoride olan, iyi performans g\u00f6steren \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun (y\u00fczde
\n91) Parlamenter rejimler oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

McManus ve \u00d6zkan (2016) ayr\u0131ca analiz edilen makro
\nperformans g\u00f6stergelerinin di\u011fer belirleyicilerini hesaba katarak y\u00f6netim
\nsisteminin bu g\u00f6stergeler \u00fczerindeki etkisini istatistiki olarak tahmin
\netmektedirler. Bir \u00e7ok alternatif de\u011fisken, alterrnatif g\u00f6stergeler, farkl\u0131
\nd\u00f6nem verileri ve bulgular\u0131n tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7ok y\u00f6ntem
\nkullan\u0131larak ula\u015f\u0131lan sonuc Tablo 3\u2019te \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tablo 3. Makroekonomik performans<\/p>\n

Makroekonomik g\u00f6stergeler\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Parlamenter
\nsistem (ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemine k\u0131yasla)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\ny\u00fcksek (0.6 ve 1.2 puan aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

Enflasyon\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (6 puan)<\/p>\n

Enflasyon oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (4 ve 9 puan aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

Gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi (Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck (% 16 -% 20 aras\u0131)<\/p>\n

Kaynak: McManus ve \u00d6zkan (2016), 1950-2015, 119 \u00fclke verisi
\nkullan\u0131larak, Genelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f En K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kareler (GEKK) y\u00f6ntemiyle tahmin edilen
\nmodelin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablo 3\u2019te sunulan bulgular yukar\u0131da ortalama de\u011ferler \u00fczerinden
\nvard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonucu peki\u015ftirmektedir. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimlerinde, Parlamenter
\nsistemlere k\u0131yasla, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcme, daha y\u00fcksek ve oynak enflasyon ve daha
\n\u00e7arp\u0131k gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekonomi \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkisinin
\nciddi boyutlarda oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Parlamenter sistemle
\ny\u00f6netilen \u00fclkelerin, ortalama, 0.6 ile 1.2 puan aras\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme, 6
\npuan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enflasyon ve y\u00fczde 16 ile 20 aras\u0131 daha adil gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131
\nsa\u011flayabildikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Hangi ko\u015fullarda ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimi ekonomiye daha \u00e7ok zarar
\nveriyor?<\/p>\n

\n

Yukar\u0131da sunulan veriler ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin ekonomik
\nperformans \u00fczerine olumsuz etkisini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda
\nba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin hangi ko\u015fullarda ekonomiye en \u00e7ok zarar verdi\u011fini anlamak
\n\u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

McManus ve \u00d6zkan (2016) bu soruya cevap ararken, siyaset
\nbilimi literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde bu konuda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir dizi mekanizmay\u0131 rejimlerin
\nekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 analize dahil ederek asa\u011f\u0131da Tablo 4\u2019te \u00f6zetlenen
\nsonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Tablo 4\u2019te ilk s\u00fctunda siyaset ve kurumsal kalite
\ng\u00f6stergeleri ikinci s\u00fctunda ise her g\u00f6stergedeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n (olumlu de\u011fi\u015fim)
\nba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimlerinin ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.
\n\u0130kinci s\u00fctunda ayr\u0131ca bu etkinin hangi makroekonomik performans g\u00f6stergesi
\n\u00fczerinde g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi parantez icinde belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tablo 4 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin ekonomi \u00fczerine etkisinin,
\ndemokratik kurumlar\u0131 in\u015fa edememi\u015f, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, sivil muhalefet, medya
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131f olan, kapsay\u0131c\u0131 kurumlar\u0131 geli\u015fmemi\u015f ve
\nhukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde \u00f6zellikle olumsuz oldu\u011funu ortaya
\nkoymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablo 4. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen
\nfakt\u00f6rler<\/p>\n

Ko\u015fullar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k
\nrejiminin ekonomi \u00fczerine etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Olumsuz
\netki azal\u0131yor (b\u00fcy\u00fcme)<\/p>\n

Demokrasi kalitesi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Olumsuz
\netki azal\u0131yor (enflasyon ve enflasyon oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n

Demokrasi ya\u015f\u0131 Olumsuz
\netki azal\u0131yor (enflasyon ve enflasyon oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n

Kapsay\u0131c\u0131 kurumlar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Olumsuz
\netki azal\u0131yor (b\u00fcy\u00fcme oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n

Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Olumsuz
\netki azal\u0131yor (enflasyon ve gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi)<\/p>\n

Kaynak: Demokrasi ya\u015f\u0131 ve kalitesiyle ilgili veriler Polity
\nIV Project, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ilgili g\u00f6stergeler Worldwide Governance
\nIndicators kurumlar\u0131n kalitesi ve kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili veriler POLCON
\nveri tabanlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (McManus ve \u00d6zkan, 2016, sayfa.25).<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da sunulan bulgulardan, ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimlerinin
\nParlamenter sistemlere k\u0131yasla hem siyasi geli\u015fmi\u015flik, hem be\u015feri kalk\u0131nma hem
\nde makroekonomik performans a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, Parlamenter sistemle y\u00f6netilen \u00fclkelerde tutarl\u0131 olarak, daha uygun
\nbir yat\u0131r\u0131m ortam\u0131, daha y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha y\u00fcksek ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 milli
\ngelir, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enflasyon, daha y\u00fcksek sosyal yard\u0131mlar, ve daha adaletli bir
\ngelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6zellikle az geli\u015fmi\u015f demokrasilerde
\nba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimlerinin hem daha \u00e7ok yolsuzluk, hem de daha az be\u015feri kalk\u0131nmay\u0131
\nberaberinde getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca demokratik kurumlar\u0131n, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn,
\nkapsay\u0131c\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve sivil muhalefetin zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu
\n\u00fclkelerde ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejiminin bu tespit edilen olumsuz etkilerinin daha da a\u011f\u0131r
\noldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimi ile ilgili uzmanlar\u0131n
\ntavsiyesinin genellikle \u2018g\u00fcnah\u0131 boynuna\u2019 (\u2018adop at your peril\u2019) diye ifade
\nedilmesi tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fildir. (Besley, 2015).<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/p>\n

Acemo\u011flu, D. (2005). Constitutions, politics and economics:
\na review essay on Persson and Tabellini\u2019s economic effects of constitutions\u2019,
\nJournal of Economic Literature, 43, 1025-1048.<\/p>\n

Bagehot, W. (1867). The English Constitution, Londra.
\nBesley, T. Speech at the LSE, 2015. (51.ci dakikadan itibaren)<\/p>\n

www.lse.ac.uk<\/p>\n

Gerring, J., S.C. Thacker ve C. Moreno. (2009). Are
\nparliamentary systems better?,<\/p>\n

Comparative Political Studies, 42(3), 327-359.<\/p>\n

Gregorini, F. ve E. Longoni. (2009). Inequality, political
\nsystems and public spending. Teknik rapor.<\/p>\n

Linz, J. (1985). Presidential or parliamentary democracy:
\ndoes it make a difference?, Yale University.<\/p>\n

Linz, J. (1990). The perils of presidentialism, Journal of
\nDemocracy, 1(1), 51-69. Linz, J. (1994). Presidential or parliamentary
\ndemocracy: does it make a difference? J.<\/p>\n

J. Linz ve A.Valenzuela (Edt) The failure of presidential
\ndemocracy (sayfa. 3-87).<\/p>\n

Baltimore:John Hopkins Universitesi Yayinlari.<\/p>\n

McManus, R. ve F. G. \u00d6zkan. (2016). \u2018Who does better for the
\neconomy? Presidents versus parliamentary democracies, University of York.<\/p>\n

Persson, T. ve G. Tabellini. (2003). The Economic Effects of
\nConstitutions, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.<\/p>\n

Rockey, J. (2012). Reconsidering the fiscal effects of
\nconstitutions, European Journal of Political Economy, 28(3), 313-323.<\/p>\n

Wilson, W.(1885). Congressional Government, New York: Houghton
\nMifflin.<\/p>\n

F. G\u00fcl\u00e7in \u00d6zkan, Bianet<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/strong><\/p>\n

www.lekolin.com – www.lekolin.org – www.lekolin.net \u2013
\nwww.lekolin.info -www.navendalekolin.com -http:\/\/kursam.org\/index.html-
\nhttp:\/\/kursam.net\/index.html<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bir \u00fclkenin parlamenter sistem veya ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimi ile y\u00f6netilmesi ekonomik performans\u0131n\u0131 etkiler mi? T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu ciddi sorunlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 9 Ocak 2017 tarihinde TBMM\u2019nin g\u00fcndemine getirilen ve parlamenter sistemden ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimine ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren anayasa tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etkin bir \u015fekilde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, bu sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131n hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10070,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"0","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":""},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"enable_post_split":"0","post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[32,825,123,31,36,33,30,1015,35,34,80],"class_list":["post-10069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-basindan-secmeler","tag-arastirma","tag-baskanlik","tag-ekonomi","tag-kurdi","tag-kurdish","tag-kurdistan","tag-lekolin","tag-rejimi","tag-turkish","tag-turkiye","tag-ve"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10069"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10159,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10069\/revisions\/10159"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10070"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}