{"id":11409,"date":"2020-06-22T09:58:42","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T07:58:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/?p=11409"},"modified":"2020-06-22T09:58:42","modified_gmt":"2020-06-22T07:58:42","slug":"istihbarat-ve-turk-devlet-gelenegi-dosya-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/istihbarat-ve-turk-devlet-gelenegi-dosya-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stihbarat ve T\u00fcrk Devlet Gelene\u011fi \u2013DOSYA 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

HABER MERKEZ\u0130 –\u00a0 T\u00fcrk egemenlik tarihinin en k\u00f6kl\u00fc, kesintisiz ve ku\u015faktan-ku\u015fa\u011fa ge\u00e7en k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck-z\u00fcl\u00fcm \u00fcretme merkezi ku\u015fkusuz ordu ve istihbarat te\u015fkilatlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7esinin de\u011fi\u015fmez temel kural\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ordu ve istihbarat \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin geli\u015fimi Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu zemin \u00fczerinde ve burada olu\u015fan birikime dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle yeni\u00e7eri deneyimi incelenmeden T\u00fcrk ordu ve istihbarat te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 tarih\u00e7esini anlamak imkans\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ordu ve istihbarat tarihi \u00f6nceki s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin sentezi, sonrakilerin ise temel esin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u201c\u0130stihbarat ve T\u00fcrk Devleti Gelene\u011fi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 dosyam\u0131z\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde T\u00fcrk tarih kitaplar\u0131nda sadece bir askeri \u00f6rg\u00fctleme olarak yans\u0131t\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir dev\u015firme ordusu oldu\u011fu, Osmanl\u0131 egemenlerinin, kendi egemenlikleri alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 halklar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta al\u0131p k\u0131\u015flarda e\u011fiterek, i\u015fgalci emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir z\u00fcl\u00fcm makinas\u0131 haline getirdiklerini t\u00fcm y\u00f6nleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n asker kayna\u011f\u0131 dev\u015firilmi\u015f \u00e7ocuklar <\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131ca olan Yeni\u00e7eri kavram\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019 de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni asker anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Yeni\u00e7eri olarak isimlendirilen yap\u0131 kurulu\u015fundan imha edildi\u011fi g\u00fcne kadar Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun en k\u00f6kl\u00fc asker\u00ee \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir. Her ne kadar bu yap\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecini Orhan Gazi d\u00f6nemine dayand\u0131ran g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunsa da yeni\u00e7eri te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n 1361 y\u0131l\u0131nda I. Murad d\u00f6neminde Edirne\u2019de kuruldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok belgeyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun merkezi \u0130stanbul\u2019la ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131nca, Yeni\u00e7eri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131 da \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra eski ve yeni odalar ad\u0131 ile biri Beyaz\u0131t di\u011feri ise Aksaray semtinde olmak \u00fczere iki ayr\u0131 k\u0131\u015flaya yerle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonra i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumdan, ailesinde kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yeni\u00e7eri askerleri \u2018birer devlet\u2019 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak hayatlar\u0131 boyunca k\u0131\u015flarda ikamet etmeye mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015flerdir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n asker kayna\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta esir al\u0131nanlar ve k\u00f6leler olsa da daha sonra Yunan, Arnavut, Bulgar, S\u0131rp, H\u0131rvat Rus, Ukraynal\u0131 ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc gibi Hristiyan halklar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131nda dev\u015firme sistemiyle oca\u011fa al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok belgeyle kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ailelerinde zorla al\u0131nan 8-10 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6nce birka\u00e7 y\u0131l S\u00fcnni T\u00fcrk ailelerinin yan\u0131na verildi\u011fi daha sonra dev\u015firilmek \u00fczere yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ki\u015filer acemi oca\u011f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra yetkinlik durumuna g\u00f6re ok\u00e7uluk, t\u00fcfek\u00e7i, la\u011f\u0131mc\u0131lar, top\u00e7uluk vb. bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131larak konumland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecinde Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131nda evliliklerin yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu kurall\u0131n uzun y\u0131llar devam bilinmektedir. Kurumdaki bozulma ve yozla\u015fmaya paralel olarak 1595 evlenenler olmu\u015f, yeni\u00e7erilerin o\u011fullar\u0131 oca\u011fa “kulo\u011flu” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ki\u015filer daha sonra a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak devlet adam\u0131 olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Yeni\u00e7erilere oca\u011f\u0131n onlar\u0131n evi ve ailesi, Padi\u015fah\u0131n da babalar\u0131 oldu\u011funun \u00f6\u011fretilmesi temel kural haline getirildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Kurulu\u015fundan 16.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar bu yap\u0131n\u0131n asker ihtiyac\u0131 dev\u015firmelerle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, 1595\u2019den itibaren ise oca\u011fa g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerinde al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Sonras\u0131nda IV. Mehmet, dev\u015firme sistemini kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman aile \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 da oca\u011fa al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha fazla yetki, maa\u015f ve ganimet i\u00e7in ba\u015flayan ayaklanmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun en itibarl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak bilinse de ger\u00e7e\u011fin \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131 kurulu\u015fundan,15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar yaya b\u00f6l\u00fckleri adl\u0131 tek bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yap\u0131dan olu\u015ftu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Buradaki b\u00f6l\u00fckler orta, en \u00fcst r\u00fctbeli askerleri ise A\u011fa olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1451\u2019de F\u00e2tih Sultan Mehmet emri ile\u00a0 “Sekban” b\u00f6l\u00fcklerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ile bu yap\u0131 iki ayr\u0131 asker s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ise “A\u011fa” b\u00f6l\u00fcklerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ile \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir k\u0131s\u0131m daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgelerle kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde piyade \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi 101 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011fe, A\u011fa b\u00f6l\u00fckleri 61, Sekban\u2019lar ise 34 b\u00f6l\u00fck say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131,16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 genel Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun\u00a0 %10’u kadar oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. 1475 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahi say\u0131s\u0131 40.000 iken, yeni\u00e7erilerin say\u0131s\u0131 6.000 oldu\u011fu,17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Yeni\u00e7eriler ordunun ana g\u00fcc\u00fc yap\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde say\u0131daki art\u0131\u015f bozulma ve yozla\u015fmay\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1 numaral\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok veri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flarda padi\u015fah\u0131n bulundu\u011fu merkez kolunda yer alm\u0131\u015f, sava\u015fta padi\u015fah\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini \u00fcstlendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Daha sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019un g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye verildi\u011fi, Oca\u011f\u0131n ortak sanca\u011f\u0131 S\u00fcnnili\u011fi temsilen \u0130mam-\u0131 Azam bayra\u011f\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yeni\u00e7eriler Bekta\u015filik ve Dervi\u015flikten de yo\u011fun olarak etkilendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme i\u00e7inde tayin ve atamalar bizzat padi\u015fah taraf\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yeni\u00e7eriler zorla al\u0131narak e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi ve birer dev\u015firme olarak devletin \u00e7ocu\u011fu haline getirilmi\u015f askerler oldu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucu kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Birer z\u00fcl\u00fcm makinas\u0131 olarak faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlemenin \u00fc\u00e7 ayda bir maa\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve para i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok katliama imza att\u0131klar\u0131 bilinen bir husustur.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, gerilemesi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki gibi ganimet getirememesi, devletin mali sisteminin bozmu\u015f ve bu durum yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131na da yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her seferden ganimetten pay alma ve padi\u015fah tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda maa\u015flar\u0131na zam yap\u0131lmas\u0131na al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f yeni\u00e7eriler eski ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla, 1449’den itibaren Yeni\u00e7eri isyanlar\u0131 patlak verdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Daha sonra bozulmu\u015fluk ve daha fazla yetki, maa\u015f talepleri ile bu isyanlar s\u00fcreklilik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok belgede kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra Padi\u015fahlar\u0131 tahtan indirip \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeler ve ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 tahta \u00e7\u0131karmalar rutinle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yeni\u00e7eriler 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda s\u0131k s\u0131k ayakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle 15 Haziran 1826’da Vaka-i Hayriye diye isimlendirilen hareketle, II. Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan yeni\u00e7eri k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131 top ate\u015fine tutulup t\u00fcm\u00fc yak\u0131larak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve bu bi\u00e7imiyle \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmelidir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131 HABER MERKEZ\u0130 –\u00a0 T\u00fcrk egemenlik tarihinin en k\u00f6kl\u00fc, kesintisiz ve ku\u015faktan-ku\u015fa\u011fa ge\u00e7en k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck-z\u00fcl\u00fcm \u00fcretme merkezi ku\u015fkusuz ordu ve istihbarat te\u015fkilatlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7esinin de\u011fi\u015fmez temel kural\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ordu ve istihbarat \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin geli\u015fimi Yeni\u00e7eri ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu zemin \u00fczerinde ve burada olu\u015fan birikime dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle yeni\u00e7eri deneyimi incelenmeden T\u00fcrk ordu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":11386,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"0","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":""},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2959],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mit-gercekleri"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11409","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11409"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11409\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11410,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11409\/revisions\/11410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11409"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11409"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11409"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}