S\u00fcmer Rahiplerinin de \u2018harici\u2019 g\u00fc\u00e7leri vard\u0131. \u0130ktidar ve devletle\u015fmenin en somut ifadelerinden biri olan zigguratlar\u0131n ve sahiplerinin koruyuculu\u011funu yapan, bilinen ve g\u00f6r\u00fclen, \u2018me\u015fru\u2019 kabul edilmi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yerel ve gizli birlikler de bulunuyordu. Ama\u00e7, kurulu d\u00fczenin \u2018ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun\u2019 korunmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bir bak\u0131ma iktidar\u0131n sonsuz k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131. Nitekim 6 bin y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir iktidar ve devlet, bir olgu olman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek ya\u015fam\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u0131lcal damarlar\u0131nda yer etmi\u015ftir. Aile i\u00e7inden sokaktaki g\u00fcnl\u00fck ko\u015fu\u015fturmaya, iktidar eliyle in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ger\u00e7ekliklerden devletin kurumlar\u0131na dek her yana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f erkek egemen bir zihniyet ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar iktidar ve devlet \u00f6ncesi do\u011fal toplum ve toplumsal hakikat orijinli \u00e7izgi ve m\u00fccadeleler aksamadan bug\u00fcne dek gelmi\u015fse de hakim olan\u0131n iktidar ve devlet eliyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015f d\u00fczen oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kapitalist son a\u015fama ile kendisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin gayretleri i\u00e7indeki bu zihniyetin, bug\u00fcne dek s\u00fcregelmesinin en \u00f6nemli arac\u0131 elbette kendi iktidarc\u0131, devlet\u00e7i ideoloji ve kurumsal yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Ancak hi\u00e7bir ideoloji yoktur ki onun ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u2018savunucular\u0131\u2019 olmas\u0131n. Konumuz gere\u011fi de bu ikinci temel arac\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131m ve anlamlarla kendisini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131 \u00fczerinden birka\u00e7 \u015feyi ifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n
\u0130ktidar-devletin, hangi \u015fekli alm\u0131\u015f olursa olsun en \u00f6nemli ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve koruyucular\u0131, ayn\u0131 zihniyeti payla\u015fan siyaset\u00e7isi ve silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leridir ya da ordular\u0131d\u0131r. Kad\u0131n eksenli toplumsall\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 devletin olu\u015fum a\u015famas\u0131ndaki 3\u2019l\u00fc kirli ittifak\u0131n (Rahip, kurnaz ve avc\u0131 erkek) devam\u0131d\u0131r. Rahip veya tanr\u0131-kral, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn devleti iken kurnaz erkek devlet y\u00f6netimini, avc\u0131 olansa orduyu temsil eder. Ordunun asli g\u00f6revi de varolan bu yap\u0131n\u0131n her \u015fekilde korunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in devletin ve y\u00f6netimin kendisine sundu\u011fu imkanlar ve a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yollar \u00fczerinden kendisini \u00f6rg\u00fctlemesi gerekir (Yeri gelmi\u015fken belirtmekte fayda var ki burada ordudan kas\u0131t, devletin denetimindeki her t\u00fcrden silahl\u0131 yap\u0131d\u0131r. Polis, bek\u00e7i g\u00fcvenlik memurlar\u0131, hatta devlet mafyas\u0131 vb. dahildir). Ancak her d\u00f6nem oldu\u011fu gibi devlet, zamanla ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir irade haline gelmi\u015f olan orduyla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun iki temel sebebi vard\u0131r. \u0130lki, ipleri t\u00fcmden orduya b\u0131rakmama e\u011filimidir. Zira ordu, g\u00fcc\u00fcn kullan\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131na ve bunun i\u00e7in gerekli olan niceli\u011fe sahip yegane yap\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci neden ise ordunun, ta en ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana kendisine bi\u00e7ilen rol\u00fc yerine getirmede yetersiz kalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Yine bu da iktidar-devlet zihniyetine dayal\u0131 sistemin i\u015flevini yitirmesiyle, yani s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez olmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. \u0130\u015flev yitimi, \u00f6zellikle de gayri me\u015fru politikalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi konusunda ya\u015fan\u0131r. Devletler tarihinin soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir i\u015flevinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi hangi ara\u00e7la ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Devlet olan\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, kendi hukukuna uygun t\u00fcm askeri (\u00f6ncelikle silahl\u0131)\/militarist yap\u0131lar, devletin ve iktidar\u0131n koruyuculu\u011fu vasf\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirirken bunu me\u015fru g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Me\u015frulu\u011funun sorgulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi i\u015fleri ise \u2018harici\u2019 g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. \u0130\u015fte bunun da ad\u0131 \u2018paramilitarizm\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
Tarihten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u2018gayri nizami\u2019 sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Paramiliter yap\u0131lar da t\u0131pk\u0131 onu olu\u015fturan devlet olgusu gibi, farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7im ve isimlerde, de\u011fi\u015fik ama\u00e7 ve ara\u00e7larla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek gelmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcmerlerden bug\u00fcne dek bir\u00e7ok bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fclen paramiliter yap\u0131lar, devletin ya da g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran iktidar\u0131n kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve \u00e7e\u015fitli yetki, sorumluluk ve ara\u00e7larla donatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahl\u0131 ve (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz itibariyle) silahs\u0131z harici \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerdir.<\/p>\n Paramilitarizmin, \u00f6zellikle 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lla birlikte daha bilinir ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylense de Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda \u2018cad\u0131 av\u0131\u2019na \u00e7\u0131kanlarla imparatorluk ve krall\u0131klarda \u2018saray i\u00e7i ve saray d\u0131\u015f\u0131 komplo\u2019lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenler de bu tip g\u00fc\u00e7leri ifade eder. Genel anlamda harici ve gayri me\u015fru olman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u2018gayri nizami sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 istisnas\u0131 olabilece\u011fi gibi, paramilitarizmin esas sivrildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemler vard\u0131r. Biri, devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131 ve kurulu\u015f amac\u0131 olan sava\u015f d\u00f6nemiyken di\u011feri devletin ve bilhassa onu y\u00fcr\u00fcten iktidar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6nemidir. Bu nedenle fa\u015fizmin kendisiyle do\u011frudan ilgilidir. Hatta paramilitarizm, fa\u015fizmin hem temel bir de\u011feri hem de \u00f6rg\u00fctsel bi\u00e7imidir. Tarihteki neredeyse t\u00fcm paramiliter yap\u0131lar kendilerinden \u00e7ok, temsil ettikleri zihniyet, ideoloji ve prati\u011fi an\u0131msat\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin; en bilindiklerinden biri olarak Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n SS Birlikleri, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesi, g\u00f6revi Adolf Hitler\u2019i korumak iken sava\u015fla birlikte Nazi ideolojisinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc ve koruyucusu olmu\u015ftur. Bu temelde ne t\u00fcr katliamlara ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlara pratik \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi biliniyor. Yani SS Birlikleri dendi\u011finde, hemen herkesin akl\u0131na Hitler, Nazizm, pogromlar ve Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 gelir.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn Ortado\u011fusu\u2019na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda benzer \u00f6rnekleri s\u0131ralamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ha\u015fdi \u015eabi, \u00e7o\u011funlukla Irak ve Suriye\u2019de varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren ve \u0130ran \u0130slam Devletinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015fan \u015eii askeri g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. B\u00f6lgedeki etkinli\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak Ha\u015fdi \u015eabi\u2019nin, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgesel hegemonya ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u2018harici\u2019 temsilcisi oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n Ulus devlet ve paramilitarizm<\/strong><\/p>\n Hangi \u00f6rne\u011fe ba\u015fvurulsa esasen alt\u0131ndan iki temel unsur \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130lki ve daimi olan, yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi devletin kendisidir. \u0130kincisi ise k\u00fcresel hegemonyad\u0131r. Militarizm kadar paramilitarizmin de tarihinin devletler tarihi ile denk oldu\u011funu bir kez daha hat\u0131rlat\u0131rsak denebilir ki devletli uygarl\u0131k sisteminin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak merkezi hegemonyan\u0131n bu paramiliter yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fumunda do\u011frudan etkisi vard\u0131r. S\u00fcmerlerden bu yana ister do\u011fuda ister bat\u0131da olsun, hi\u00e7bir hegemonik merkez, salt d\u00fczenli ordularla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u2018Paral\u0131 askeri birlikler\u2019 ya da \u2018gizli-a\u00e7\u0131k ittifaklar sonucu olu\u015fturulan askeri birlikler\u2019 tarz\u0131nda da \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcresel kapitalist hegemonyan\u0131n, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131, hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fta Ortado\u011fu olmak \u00fczere, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerine dikte edecek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak NATO\u2019yu olu\u015fturmas\u0131 da buna \u00f6rnek verilebilir. Tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu, \u00e7ok iddial\u0131 bir ifade gibi gelse de bizzat NATO\u2019nun ve bile\u015fenlerinin (ki \u00e7o\u011fu Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerdir) birer NATO yerel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi olarak \u2018Gladyo\u2019yu gayri nizami sava\u015f\u0131n temel bir arac\u0131 olarak kullanmas\u0131 bunun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130talya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131yla Gladyo (\u2018K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelir), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de J\u0130TEM, kontrgerilla, koruculuk ve \u00d6zel Harp Dairesi ismiyle tan\u0131nd\u0131. Fransa\u2019da R\u00fczgar G\u00fcl\u00fc, \u0130spanya\u2019da Anti-Ter\u00f6r Kurtarma Grubu, Yunanistan\u2019da B-8 gibi isimlerle bilinegelmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n hepsinde asker, polis, b\u00fcrokrat ve mafya bizzat g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan paramilitarizmin, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki en \u00fcst bir a\u015famas\u0131 olarak gladyo tipi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin bug\u00fcn daha da yerelle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Paramilitarizmin, devletin harici ve me\u015fru olmayan askeri yap\u0131s\u0131 olarak yerelle\u015fmesi, halk i\u00e7ine tamamen s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir \u00fcniforma ya da resmi kimlikten azade k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, fa\u015fizmle birlikte ideolojik olarak kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan hemen \u2018her ki\u015fi, kitle, yap\u0131 ve kurumu\u2019 potansiyel anlamda birer paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kabul etti\u011fi ve buna g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctleyip sahaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi ifade eder. Zor ve bask\u0131 ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcst seviyede kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda bu tip bir yerelle\u015fmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Fa\u015fizmin amac\u0131 da bu de\u011fil midir?<\/p>\n F\u0131rat C\u00fbd\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" S\u00fcmer Rahiplerinin de \u2018harici\u2019 g\u00fc\u00e7leri vard\u0131. \u0130ktidar ve devletle\u015fmenin en somut ifadelerinden biri olan zigguratlar\u0131n ve sahiplerinin koruyuculu\u011funu yapan, bilinen ve g\u00f6r\u00fclen, \u2018me\u015fru\u2019 kabul edilmi\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yerel ve gizli birlikler de bulunuyordu. Ama\u00e7, kurulu d\u00fczenin \u2018ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun\u2019 korunmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bir bak\u0131ma iktidar\u0131n sonsuz k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131. Nitekim 6 bin y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir iktidar ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":12021,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"0","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":""},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dizi-yazi"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12018"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12022,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12018\/revisions\/12022"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}