{"id":12638,"date":"2021-04-06T11:40:06","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T09:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/?p=12638"},"modified":"2021-04-07T08:44:17","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T06:44:17","slug":"3-dunya-savasi-tehlike-ve-umut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/3-dunya-savasi-tehlike-ve-umut\/","title":{"rendered":"3. D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eI: TEHL\u0130KE VE UMUT- B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

HABER MERKEZ\u0130-<\/strong>Orta Do\u011fu neden bir de\u011fi\u015fime ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor? Daha da \u00f6tesinde D\u00fcnya neden de\u011fi\u015fime ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor? B\u00fct\u00fcn D\u00fcnya \u00fclke sistemleri de bir de\u011fi\u015fim ihtiyac\u0131 duyuyor. Fakat de\u011fi\u015fimin denklemleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlisinden, \u00f6nemlisine do\u011fru seyreden denklemlerden t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in de, hepsine etkide bulunacak olan Ortado\u011fu denkleminin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekir. Ortado\u011fu i\u00e7in \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fidir\u201d diyor \u00d6nder APO. \u0130lk toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n boy g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi, birlikte ve d\u00fczenli ya\u015fam\u0131n temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck birlikteliklerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan kabile, a\u015firetlerin ve Uruk merkezli ilk devletli y\u00f6netimin geli\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgedir. Do\u011fa ve insanl\u0131k, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 ilk direni\u015finide Gilgami\u015f destan\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Hunbaba \u015fahs\u0131nda yine Ortado\u011fuda vermi\u015ftir. Olumlusundan, olumsuzuna yakla\u015f\u0131k 13 bin y\u0131ld\u0131r insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen musibetlerin temelinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lge, \u015fimdi yeniden en \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f olana y\u00f6nelip \u00e7amura buland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kutsallar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden ayaklar alt\u0131ndan al\u0131p olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi yerlere y\u00fckseltme f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ortado\u011fu insan\u0131 sahip oldu\u011fu f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hem konumu hem co\u011frafyas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 belkide tarihinin en tehlikeli durumu ile de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Do\u011fa \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ve zengin yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na Do\u011fudan Bat\u0131ya, Bat\u0131dan Do\u011fuya t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n derinliklerine inen yol haritalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle de, yeni bir d\u00fczen olu\u015fturmak isteyenlerin de Ortado\u011fu\u2019da kendini hakim k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Sava\u015flar\u0131n bu b\u00f6lge merkezli olu\u015funun temelinde bu \u00f6zellikleri ve konumu vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki halen t\u00fcm s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f olan 3. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kimler, nerede duruyorlar? Kim neyi hedefliyor? G\u00fc\u00e7leri ne ve neler yapabilmekteler?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kendini d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tek hakimi olarak g\u00f6ren ABD, kendine bi\u00e7ti\u011fi bu misyon \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tarihten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar de\u011fi\u015fken politikalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kapitalist sermayenin kalbi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ABD, bu sermayeyi ya\u015fatmak ve bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgeye yaymak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc etik olmayan yolu ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 kendine mubah g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yak\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halklarla bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u00e7eli\u015fki i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen tarihi sorunlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g\u00f6\u00e7men krizi) ABD\u2019yi s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran konulardan birini te\u015fkil etmektedir. Yak\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda bulunan \u00fclkelerin ekonomik y\u00f6nden \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamas\u0131, bu \u00fclkelerle ekonomik anla\u015fmalar yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin uzunca bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fi Asya ve Avrasya b\u00f6lgesinde \u00c7in n\u00fcfuzunun artmas\u0131 ve 24 Aral\u0131k 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi askerlerinin Afganistan\u2019a girmesiyle beraber ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ciddi anlamda de\u011fi\u015fime g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geni\u015f co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Asya ve Avrasya b\u00f6lgeleri S\u00fcper G\u00fc\u00e7lerin rekabet alanlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Rekabetin en \u00e7ok k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden biri de ku\u015fkusuz ki Ortado\u011fu olmu\u015ftur. Tarihsel bir \u00f6neme sahip olan Ortado\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131na sahip olmakla birlikte d\u00fcnya ticaretinde en stratejik yollar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7mektedir. Kapitalist Sermaye g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri olan ABD, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da s\u00f6m\u00fcrge alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek ve yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in uzun y\u0131llardan beri bu b\u00f6lgede hakimiyet kurma sava\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisindedir. B\u00f6lgedeki tek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fcc\u00fcn kendisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilen ABD, yak\u0131nla\u015fan Rus, \u00c7in ve \u0130ran tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede cihadist men\u015felli DA\u0130\u015e \u00e7etelerini T\u00fcrk devleti eliyle e\u011fitip b\u00f6lgeyi soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan ge\u00e7irmesine \u00f6n a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede alana bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle m\u00fcdahale etme zemini olu\u015fturarak, b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. K\u00fcresel G\u00fc\u00e7: ABD\u2019nin De\u011fi\u015fen D\u0131\u015f Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Her hegemon devlet gibi Amerika\u2019n\u0131n da tarihten bu yana devam eden geleneksel d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ya\u015fanan s\u00fcre\u00e7lere ve somut ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6steren politikalar\u0131 mevcuttur. Bunun yan\u0131nda Amerika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 irdeledi\u011fimizde kritik bir e\u015fik olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan 1965 ve 1900\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu zaman dilimi, sanayile\u015fme ile birlikte ABD\u2019nin ekonomik bir g\u00fc\u00e7 stat\u00fcs\u00fcne y\u00fckseldi\u011fi y\u0131llard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemler aras\u0131nda adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan \u201c\u0130leri Emperyalizm\u201d gelene\u011fi ABD\u2019nin di\u011fer devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 uygarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir misyon \u00fcstlenmeye hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131 hakimdi. \u00d6z\u00fcnde emperyalizm gelene\u011fi Amerikan d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oktan kabul edilmi\u015f bir gelene\u011fi haline gelmi\u015f; hatta eski geleneklerin do\u011fal bir ifadesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yine Amerika\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel d\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131ndan biri olan yaln\u0131zl\u0131k ve tek yanl\u0131l\u0131k politikas\u0131n\u0131; I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Avrupa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fc\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fuyla beraber ger\u00e7ek anlamda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini olanaks\u0131z k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin Briand-Kellogg Pakt\u0131\u2019na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmesi ve Washington Deniz Silahs\u0131zlanma Konferans\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 bu ger\u00e7e\u011fin g\u00f6stergeleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amerika\u2019n\u0131n II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131na girmesine yol a\u00e7an, Pearl Harbour sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 da Amerikan d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011finde olmu\u015ftur. Pearl Harbour sonras\u0131nda Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ABD\u2019ye sava\u015f ilan etmesi, Amerikan d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015ftan sonra Franklin Roosevelt ve D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Cordell Hull yeni bir d\u00fcnya kurma arzusuna giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin merkezi olarak New York\u2019un se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 Amerika\u2019n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Elbette Amerika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda bir gedik yaratan di\u011fer bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 de ku\u015fkusuz ki So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi olmu\u015ftur. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde \u00e7o\u011funlukla savundu\u011fu ideoloji \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bir d\u0131\u015f politika y\u00fcr\u00fcten Amerika, Sovyet askeri ve siyasi tehdidine ve kom\u00fcnizmin yay\u0131lma tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 politikalar izledi. Ayr\u0131ca 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cMarshall Yard\u0131m Plan\u0131\u201d gibi programlarla Amerika temel ticari ortaklar\u0131 olan Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin ekonomilerini kalk\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Amerika, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u00fclkesine ekonomik yard\u0131mlar g\u00f6ndererek k\u00fcresel hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131nda ABD so\u011fuk sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fcstlendi\u011fi Bat\u0131 Bloku liderli\u011fini iyi bir \u015fekilde yerine getirmesi i\u00e7in ekonomik ve stratejik \u00f6neme sahip olan petrole sahip olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda Amerika, \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Tasar\u0131m\u2019 diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya sistemindeki t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde Serbest Piyasa Ekonomisine ba\u011fl\u0131, liberal de\u011ferleri benimsemi\u015f parlamenter demokratik siyasal modelin h\u00e2kim k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir hareket benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ABD\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda yumu\u015fak g\u00fc\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesi, ona d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kald\u0131ra\u00e7 imk\u00e2n\u0131 vermektedir. Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m 11 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131na gelirken Clinton\u2019la beraber ba\u015flayan, s\u00f6zde bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde bir d\u00fcnya atmosferi beklentisi George W. Bush d\u00f6nemiyle birlikte tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu geli\u015fme ayn\u0131 zamanda 2001 Oca\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelen Bush y\u00f6netiminin Clinton sonras\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politikaya getirdi\u011fi daha agresif ve m\u00fcdahaleci yakla\u015f\u0131ma yeni bir me\u015fruiyet de kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amerikan d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer devletlerin d\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir hareket alan\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir alt ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat ya\u015fan\u0131lan So\u011fuk Sava\u015f, \u0130srail\u2019e verilen ko\u015fulsuz destek ve s\u00fcreklilik kazanan m\u00fcdahalecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu alt ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 daralt\u0131c\u0131 etki yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zcesi Amerika\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6steren d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n birden \u00e7ok y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131, bu devletin bir\u00e7ok halka, g\u00fcce ve b\u00f6lgeye m\u00fcdahale etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunmu\u015ftur. Bu m\u00fcdahalenin somut zeminlerinin yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fat b\u00f6lgelerden biri de ku\u015fkusuz ki Ortado\u011fu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • ABD\u2019nin Yak\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda Kar\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131ya Kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sorunlar<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Toplama bir \u00fclke olan ABD; Frans\u0131zlar, \u0130ngilizler, \u0130spanyollar ve daha bir\u00e7ok ulusu i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin kuruldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeyi baz ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda y\u0131llardan beri K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri de i\u00e7erisine almaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmesinin temel nedenlerinden biri K\u0131z\u0131lderili kabilelerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde zengin alt\u0131n madenleri ve petrol gibi yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Devlet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 esas alan emperyalist Amerika bu b\u00f6lgede K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri k\u0131y\u0131mdan ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131nda binlerce K\u0131z\u0131lderili\u2019yi k\u00f6le olarak satm\u0131\u015f, Ellerinde sadece ok ve kesici alet bulunan K\u0131z\u0131lderililere kar\u015f\u0131 top ve t\u00fcfek kullanan Amerika 10 binden fazla K\u0131z\u0131lderili\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ku\u015fkusuz ki Meksika ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel sorunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Amerika\u2019n\u0131n kanl\u0131 tarihinde ge\u00e7en \u201cK\u0131z\u0131lderili Katliamlar\u0131\u201d gelmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de halen etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bu soyk\u0131r\u0131m politikas\u0131 Trump d\u00f6neminde de devam ederken bu sorunlar\u0131 minumum d\u00fczeye indirmek isteyen Biden bu b\u00f6lgede farkl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politika uygulama yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. 2020 Amerika se\u00e7imlerinde Biden\u2019in K\u0131z\u0131ldereli n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok eyalette Trump\u2019tan daha fazla oy almas\u0131 bunun somut g\u00f6stergesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Yine tarihten bu yana yak\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda bulunan Meksika ve Kanada gibi \u00fclkelerle geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ili\u015fkileri, ba\u015fa ge\u00e7en akt\u00f6rlere ve d\u00f6nemin belirlenen d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fekillendiren Amerika d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem farkl\u0131 politikalara ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ABD ile Meksika ili\u015fkileri, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ABD\u2019nin 1845\u2019te Teksas\u2019\u0131 kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na dahil etmesiyle ba\u015flayan ve ABD\u2019nin kesin zaferiyle ve Kaliforniya, Nevada, Arizona gibi eyaletleri ABD\u2019ye b\u0131rakan 1848 tarihli antla\u015fmayla sona eren Meksika-ABD sava\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle, kamuoylar\u0131 nezdinde y\u0131llar boyunca bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gerilimi muhafaza etti. Buna ra\u011fmen iki \u00fclkenin siyasi ve ticari ili\u015fkileri artarak s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi, Meksika\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n kom\u015fusu olmas\u0131, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik ili\u015fkiler ve elbette Meksika\u2019n\u0131n Latin Amerika\u2019daki petrol\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc topraklar\u0131nda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor olmas\u0131. Yine Meksika, ABD\u2019nin Kanada\u2019dan sonra en fazla petrol ithal etti\u011fi ikinci \u00fclke konumunda. ABD\u2019nin toplam ithalat\u0131nda ise Kanada ve \u00c7in\u2019in ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada geliyor. ABD ve Meksika\u2019n\u0131n ticaret ili\u015fkileri k\u00f6kl\u00fc olmakla beraber ilk \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131 1994\u2019te Kanada\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (NAFTA) olmu\u015ftur. ABD’nin iki s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusuyla aras\u0131ndaki ticaret hacmi 1994 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak 1 trilyon 300 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131. Fakat 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Trump\u2019\u0131n Amerikan ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesiyle birlikte yak\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda bulunan \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi d\u0131\u015f politika da farkl\u0131 bir eksene kayacakt\u0131r. Her \u015feyi kendi tekeline almak isteyen Trump, Kas\u0131m 2018\u2019de Arjantin\u2019deki G20 Zirvesinde Kanada Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Justin Trudeau ve eski Meksika \u0130ktidar\u0131 Enrique Pena Nieto yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplant\u0131da NAFTA yerini ABD-Meksika-Kanada Anla\u015fmas\u0131 USMCA\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131. Amerika\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda bulunan \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi d\u0131\u015f politikada sadece ekonomi de\u011fil; Meksika \u00fczerinden her y\u0131l 500 binin \u00fczerinde yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak Amerika ge\u00e7en g\u00f6\u00e7menler de belirleyici bir fakt\u00f6r olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Y\u0131llardan beri devam eden g\u00f6\u00e7men sorunu Trump\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7imlerine propaganda malzemesi olmaktan kurtulamad\u0131. Trump, kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi ABD-Meksika aras\u0131ndaki duvar s\u00f6z\u00fcnden se\u00e7ildikten sonra da geri ad\u0131m atmad\u0131. Bu durum Meksika ile olan ili\u015fkilerini \u00e7\u0131kmaza s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Ocak 2020\u2019de koltu\u011fa oturan Biden\u2019in ilk icraatlar\u0131ndan biri de Trump’\u0131n Meksika s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi duvar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na son vermesi oldu. Yine Trump d\u00f6neminde yoku\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 giden Kanada ili\u015fkileri, Biden d\u00f6neminde yeni bir d\u0131\u015f politika stratejisi geli\u015ftirilerek kurtar\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      • ABD\u2019nin Orta Asya Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Orta Asya devletleri ABD\u2019nin hem Rusya hem de \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Jeopoliti\u011fin kurucusu olarak bilinen \u0130ngiliz co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 Halford John Mackinder\u2019in Merkez B\u00f6lge olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrasya b\u00f6lgesini ve Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan geni\u015f co\u011frafya; \u201cAsya, Avrupa ve Afrika k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan d\u00fcnya adas\u0131n\u0131 denetleyebilmek i\u00e7in mutlaka kontrol edilmesi gereken bir b\u00f6lgedir\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mackinder\u2019a g\u00f6re merkez b\u00f6lgenin h\u00e2kimiyetini elinde bulunduran \u201cD\u00fcnya Adas\u0131n\u0131\u201d denetler. D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131na egemen olan d\u00fcnyay\u0131 denetler. B\u00f6ylesi stratejik bir \u00f6neme sahip olan Asya ve Avrasya b\u00f6lgesi \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan hesaplar da do\u011fal olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck olmaktad\u0131r. 1950\u2019nin ba\u015flar\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin ABD iktidar\u0131 Harrey Truman\u2019\u0131n onay\u0131yla \u201culuslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnizmin \u00e7evrelenmesi\u201d politikas\u0131, ABD\u2019nin bu b\u00f6lgede y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc resmi d\u0131\u015f politika arac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        B\u00f6lgenin stratejik \u00f6nemi dillendirilmesine ra\u011fmen ABD\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda Orta Asya uzunca bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6lgenin ikinci plana itilmesindeki as\u0131l sebep, Irak\u2019\u0131n Kuveyt\u2019 i\u015fgali sonucunda K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Ortado\u011fu Bar\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci, Bosna ve Kosova olaylar\u0131 gibi geli\u015fmelerdir. Fakat 24 Aral\u0131k 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi askerlerinin Afganistan\u2019a girmesiyle beraber ABD, ciddi anlamda Asya ve Avrasya politikalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. So\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6nemine kadar Orta Asya b\u00f6lgesi ABD\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda hayati bir \u00f6neme sahip de\u011filken Sovyetler birli\u011finin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan ABD i\u00e7in hem ekonomik hem de askeri anlamda yay\u0131labilece\u011fi bir alan olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Ayr\u0131ca, Temmuz 1999\u2032da ABD Kongresi\u2019nden ge\u00e7en \u201c\u0130pek Yolu Strateji Yasas\u0131\u201d ABD\u2019nin Orta Asya ve Kafkasya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Yine 11 Eyl\u00fcl 2001 olaylar\u0131na kadar ABD, Orta Asya\u2019da daha \u00e7ok ekonomik temelli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bunun yan\u0131nda, ABD\u2019nin Asya ve Avrasya\u2019da ya\u015famsal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu, bunun da enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131na g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinin Sovyet ekonomi sisteminden ar\u0131narak ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi stratejisi ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n zeminini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Fakat 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya’da y\u00f6netime Vladimir Putin’nin gelmesinden sonra Rusya, yak\u0131n \u00e7evre \u00fclkeler ile i\u015f birli\u011fini stratejik konuma ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Orta Asya’ya y\u00f6nelik izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc politikayla; ekonomik, ticari ve asker ba\u011flar\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Bununla beraber, \u00c7in\u2019in \u015eengay \u0130\u015f birli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u00fczerinden Orta Asya\u2019da giderek artan etkisi gibi fakt\u00f6rler ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeye do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahalesini engellemi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Amerika, b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik aktif  \u201cbekle-g\u00f6r\u201d politikas\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle bir ortamda 11 Eyl\u00fcl 2001 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na hedef olan ABD bu tarihten sonra ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele konsepti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hareket etmeye ba\u015flayarak b\u00f6lgeye askeri anlamda yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lgede \u00fcsler kurmu\u015ftur. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanan \u00fclkeler g\u00fcvenlik endi\u015fesi nedeniyle Rusya ile yak\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin Orta Asya cumhuriyetlerine etkisinin en \u00e7ok zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem 2004-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu zaman diliminde Rusya ve \u00c7in de; Orta Asya Cumhuriyetlerinde ABD taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen \u201crenkli devrimlerin\u201d tekrarlanaca\u011f\u0131 propagandas\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olarak Barack Obama\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi ile birlikte b\u00f6lgede Rusya dahil olmak \u00fczere Orta Asya cumhuriyetlerinin ABD ile ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00fczeltme eksenli bir d\u0131\u015f politika y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Gelinen nokta itibariyle \u00c7in, Orta Asya \u00fclkelerinin en \u00f6nemli ekonomik orta\u011f\u0131 olmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ekonomik alanda b\u00fcy\u00fcme yava\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerine y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131 da \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti. Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin Orta Asya’ya y\u00f6nelik ekonomi, politika ve g\u00fcvenlik alanlar\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesindeki rol\u00fc git gide azalmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu olaylar Orta Asya’daki ABD ve Bat\u0131 ekseninin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden olmakla beraber b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinin giderek \u00c7in’in siyasi ve ekonomik y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine yana\u015fmas\u0131na ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda girmesine sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Orta Asya \u00fclkeleri, yaln\u0131zca \u00c7in ve Rusya’n\u0131n etkisini dengelemek i\u00e7in Amerika ile dostane ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu da ABD’nin b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleriyle etkile\u015fim ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Son olarak; ABD’nin 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan Ulusal Savunma Stratejisi “Art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler rekabeti d\u00f6nemine girildi\u011fini” ilan ediyordu. Joe Biden daha se\u00e7ilmeden \u00f6nce yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda ve verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7lerde, \u00c7in’i “ABD’nin en \u00f6nemli rakibi” olarak sapt\u0131yordu. Biden’\u0131n ABD Savunma Bakan\u0131 olarak atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lloyd Austin de “\u00c7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdittir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fckselen bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr” demesi Biden ile birlikte ABD\u2019nin Asya ve Avrasya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l \u015fekillenece\u011finin ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n