Di v\u00ea nuqtey\u00ea de, gir\u00eeng e ku t\u00eageh\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb zanist\u00ea werin \u015f\u00eerovekirin. \u00c7ima zanista civak\u00ee? Wek\u00ee ku t\u00ea zan\u00een, t\u00eageha civak\u00ee hevtay\u00ea xwe di t\u00eageha civak\u00ea de dib\u00eene. Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, civak \u00fb zanist t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin \u00fb p\u00eanasekirina civak\u00ea bi r\u00eaya r\u00eabaza zanist\u00ee \u00fb li ser bingeha v\u00ea raman\u00ea vedihew\u00eene. Civak \u00e7i ye? Zem\u00eena esas\u00ee y\u00ea civak\u00ea ava dike,\u00a0 yek\u00eeney\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00fb taybetmendiy\u00ean ku civak\u00ea diafir\u00eenin \u00e7i ne? P\u00eakhatey\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean sereke \u00fb tal\u00ee \u00e7i ne? Li ser bingeha van taybetmendiyan t\u00eakiliya w\u00ea bi xwezay\u00ea re \u00e7i ye? Civak \u00e7awa p\u00ea\u015f dikeve, ji hev cuda dibe \u00fb form\u00ean n\u00fb bi dest dixe? Ev pirs\u00ean bingeh\u00een in ku zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee li ser nav\u00ea civak\u00ea hewl didin bersiva wan bidin.<\/p>\n
Wek p\u00eanasey\u00ea, zanista civak\u00ee qadeke pir fireh digire nav xwe. Di dawiy\u00ea de, hem\u00ee zan\u00eena me wek\u00ee encama t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina mirovan derdikeve hol\u00ea. Zinc\u00eera p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea ku bi avakirina gerd\u00fbn\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike \u00fb hem\u00ee stratej\u00ee, takt\u00eek \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean metodoloj\u00eek-r\u00eabaz\u00ee \u00ean ku me dih\u00ealin em v\u00ea yek\u00ea anal\u00eez bikin \u00fb derx\u00eenin hol\u00ea, hem\u00ee avahiy\u00ean mirovan in. Mirov ten\u00ea bi t\u00eakiliya xwe bi haw\u00eerdora xwe re dizanin. Zan\u00een bi t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin \u00fb hi\u015fmendiy\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike \u00fb ji h\u00eala ezm\u00fbna civak\u00ee ve t\u00ea \u015fekildan. L\u00eabel\u00ea, di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de, ev t\u00eakil\u00ee hatiye t\u00eakdan \u00fb zan\u00een ji h\u00eala xwedayan, f\u00eelozofan \u00fb zanyaran ve hatiye monopol\u00eezekirin. Rast\u00ee, ku di nav civak\u00ea de derdikeve hol\u00ea, ji jor ve bi r\u00eaya saziy\u00ean navend\u00ee, hik\u00fbmet\u00ean navend\u00ee, akadem\u00ee \u00fb zan\u00eengeh\u00ean ji civak\u00ea veqetand\u00ee, dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee \u00fb avahiy\u00ean navend\u00ee \u00fb serdest ji n\u00fb ve hatiye pak\u00eat kirin \u00fb li ser civak\u00ea hatiye ferz kirin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, r\u00ea\u00e7a zan\u00een\u00ea berevaj\u00ee b\u00fbye, ji jor ber bi j\u00ear ve b\u00fbye ne ji j\u00ear ber bi jor ve.<\/p>\n
Zan\u00eena bi saya kapas\u00eeteya subjekt\u00eef a mirovan mimkun e. Zan\u00een b\u00eay\u00ee t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin, wate, t\u00eakil\u00ee, exlaq \u00fb ezm\u00fbn\u00ea nikare derkeve hol\u00ea. Hem\u00ee form\u00ean zan\u00een\u00ea di dawiy\u00ea de li ser ezm\u00fbna civak\u00ee ya mirovan in. Zanista civak\u00ee hewldanek e ku ji v\u00ea ezm\u00fbn\u00ea watedar bike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, zan\u00een \u00ead\u00ee ji h\u00eala p\u00eavajoy\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fkeftina navxwey\u00ee ya civak\u00ea ve nay\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirin, l\u00ea ji jor ve, ji h\u00eala pispor, saz\u00ee, hi\u015f\u00ean bilind \u00fb avahiy\u00ean navend\u00ee ve t\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirin. Ev rew\u015f, li \u015f\u00fbna ku zan\u00een\u00ea azad bike, w\u00ea vediguher\u00eene am\u00fbrek serdestiy\u00ea.<\/p>\n
ZANISTA CIVAK\u00ce HEB\u00dbN\u00ca BI YEKPARE DIGIRE DEST <\/strong><\/p>\n Zanista civak\u00ee t\u00eakiliya di navbera mirovah\u00ee \u00fb heb\u00fbn\u00ea de \u00fb bingeh\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ee y\u00ean v\u00ea t\u00eakiliy\u00ea vedikole. L\u00eabel\u00ea, hilber\u00eena zan\u00een\u00ea bi dem\u00ea re ji h\u00eala avahiy\u00ean navend\u00ee ve hatiye r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak kirin \u00fb ji raya gi\u015ft\u00ee hatiye d\u00fbrxistin. Bi v\u00ea veguher\u00een\u00ea re, zan\u00een wateya xwe ya civak\u00ee winda kiriye \u00fb b\u00fbye am\u00fbrek r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, her \u00e7end zanista civak\u00ee heb\u00fbn\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee vedikole j\u00ee, ew t\u00eakiliya ku mirov bi v\u00ea heb\u00fbn\u00ea re ava dikin \u00fb bingeh\u00ean der\u00fbn\u00ee, \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean v\u00ea t\u00eakiliy\u00ea vedikole.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea bi destn\u00ee\u015fankirina rastiya hey\u00ee t\u00ear dibe; ew her weha n\u00eeqa\u015f dike ka ev rast\u00ee \u00e7awa dikare were veguheztin. Ji ber ku rast\u00ee ne di avahiy\u00ean dervey\u00ee de ye, l\u00ea di wijdan, b\u00eer, t\u00eakil\u00ee, wate \u00fb hewldan\u00ean civak\u00ea y\u00ean ji bo jiyana bi hev re de ye. Parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee hewl dide ku v\u00ee deng\u00ea tepeserkir\u00ee vej\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina civak\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de t\u00ea wateya pirs\u00eena \u00eeht\u00eemal\u00ean guhertina w\u00ea. Ev tam li wir e ku n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya zanista civak\u00ee ya alternat\u00eef dikeve dewr\u00ea. Ew zan\u00een\u00ea wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweyek\u00ee azadker \u00ea hilber\u00eena epistemoloj\u00eek dihesib\u00eene ku li ser ezm\u00fbn\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean bindestan, jinan, civak\u00ean b\u00eadewlet \u00fb civaka exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee hatiye avakirin.<\/p>\n Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya n\u00fb qutb\u00fbnek ji zanista civak\u00ee ya poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest a klas\u00eek tems\u00eel dike. Ev ji ber ku t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina klas\u00eek kontrola dewlet \u00fb hik\u00fbmet\u00ea li ser zan\u00een\u00ea rewa kir. F\u00eegura zanyar, teknokrat \u00fb pispor b\u00fbye “hi\u015f\u00ea serdest” ku li jor civak\u00ea ye, ne ku w\u00ea tems\u00eel dike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, zan\u00een ten\u00ea dema ku ew li k\u00ealeka civak\u00ea \u00fb ji bo w\u00ea t\u00ea hilberandin, azad dibe.<\/p>\n Civak bi r\u00eaya r\u00eaxistin\u00ean komunal \u00ean ku ji h\u00eala hevsengiya t\u00eakil\u00ee ya xwezay\u00ee ve t\u00eane xwed\u00eekirin, hate damezrandin. Van komunan t\u00eakiliya m\u00ear-jin, ku ne pev\u00e7\u00fbn di xwezay\u00ea de, \u00e7erx \u00e7\u00eadike, li bingeha jiyana civak\u00ee dan\u00een. Kesayet\u00ee di nav van t\u00eakiliyan de hate \u015fekildan.<\/p>\n Babet\u00ea zanista civak\u00ee yekpareb\u00fbna t\u00eakil\u00ee ya xweza, civak \u00fb mirovahiy\u00ea ye. Xweza \u00fb mirovah\u00ee ne ten\u00ea heb\u00fbn\u00ean f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee ne, l\u00ea qadeke t\u00eakiliya hevbe\u015f \u00fb nakokiy\u00ea ne ku t\u00ea de wate t\u00ea hilberandin. Zan\u00een ji van t\u00eakiliyan derdikeve hol\u00ea. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, zanist\u00ean xwezay\u00ee \u00fb mirov\u00ee, heke ew di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee de bin, watey\u00ea dib\u00eenin. Di dawiy\u00ea de, yek\u00eeneya sereke ya l\u00eakol\u00eena zanista civak\u00ee div\u00ea v\u00ea qan\u00fbna p\u00ea\u015fkeftina navxwey\u00ee, ku li ser bingeha ahenga xweza, civak \u00fb mirovahiy\u00ea ye, \u00e7areser bike. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, armanca zanista civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00eena takekes\u00ea ku ji civak \u00fb xwezay\u00ea hatiye veqetandin e.<\/p>\n Armanca bingeh\u00een a zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean alternat\u00eef ne ten\u00ea ravekirina diyardey\u00ean civak\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de e\u015fkerekirina potansiyela azadker a veguher\u00eena civak\u00ee ye. Zanist \u00fb zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean hey\u00ee bi gelemper\u00ee di nav mekan\u00eezmayek hilber\u00eena zan\u00een\u00ea de ku ji h\u00eala dewlet, h\u00eaz, serdestiya m\u00ear \u00fb sermayey\u00ea ve hat\u00ee \u015fekildan p\u00ea\u015f ketine. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, di hewldana f\u00eamkirina civak\u00ea de, ew nekar\u00eene s\u00eenor\u00ean pergala hey\u00ee derbas bikin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee, ku li ser avahiya exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya civak\u00ea hatiye avakirin, \u00e7avkaniyek zan\u00een\u00ea (epistemoloj\u00ee) hedef digire ku ji ezm\u00fbn\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean civaka komunal, dij-s\u00eestem\u00ea, xwezaya rizgariya jinan \u00fb civak\u00ean b\u00eadewlet, p\u00ea\u015fkeftin, p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb hilber\u00eena w\u00ea t\u00ea xwed\u00eekirin.<\/p>\n CIVAK NE TEN\u00ca TEVAHIYA KESANE YE<\/strong><\/p>\n Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, yek\u00eeneya l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea ya parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee ne takekes\u00ee ye, l\u00ea bel\u00ea ev t\u00eakil\u00ee ne, ku wek\u00ee qadeke veguher\u00eena civak\u00ee t\u00ea hesibandin ku t\u00ea de nakokiy\u00ean cemid\u00ee t\u00eane \u00e7areserkirin. Armanc ne ten\u00ea anal\u00eez e, l\u00ea vejandina diyalekt\u00eeka t\u00eakiliy\u00ea ye. Takekes ten\u00ea di nav tor\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00fb nakokiy\u00ean civak\u00ee de wate digire, \u00fb ev t\u00eakil\u00ee di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya mijar\u00ean rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee, d\u00eerok\u00ee, abor\u00ee, \u00e7and\u00ee, jinan, ekoloj\u00eek \u00fb demokrat\u00eek de t\u00eane l\u00eakol\u00een kirin. Bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew van t\u00eakiliyan ne ten\u00ea wek\u00ee daneyan l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de bi potansiyela veguher\u00eena civak\u00ea \u00fb ji n\u00fb ve avakirina pergalek li ser bingeha wekhev\u00ee \u00fb azadiy\u00ea vedikole.<\/p>\n Nakokiy\u00ean civak\u00ee ne pirsgir\u00eak in; pirsgir\u00eak tepeserkirin \u00fb veguher\u00eena wan bo hiyerar\u015fiy\u00ea ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, yek\u00eeneya l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea di zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee de ne takekes\u00ee ye, l\u00ea t\u00eakiliy\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb ka ev t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00e7awa li ser bingeh\u00ean exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee t\u00eane \u015fekildan. Civak ne ten\u00ea berhevoka kesan e, l\u00ea bel\u00ea \u00eefadeya wate, \u00e7and, d\u00eerok \u00fb ezm\u00fbna jiyana bi hev re ye. Di v\u00ea nuqtey\u00ea de, t\u00eakiliy\u00ean di navbera takekes\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ea, civak \u00fb xwezay\u00ea, \u00fb m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de dever\u00ean navend\u00ee ne ku div\u00ea diyalekt\u00eeka cemid\u00ee t\u00ea de were hilwe\u015fandin. Zanista civak\u00ee hewldanek e ji bo ji n\u00fb ve avakirina t\u00eakiliyan \u00fb bidestxistina hevsengiy\u00ea di van waran de. Ev tam ew e ku parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee armanc dike ku bi dest bixe. Ne ten\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina civak\u00ea ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015fxistina perspekt\u00eef \u00fb r\u00eabazek e ku dikare w\u00ea li ser bingehek exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve ava bike.<\/p>\n Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee t\u00eakiliya di navbera xweza, civak \u00fb takekes\u00ee de li ser bingeha hilwe\u015fandina t\u00eakiliy\u00ean tepeserkir\u00ee di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena li dij\u00ee modern\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eest de \u00e7areser dike. Ev zan\u00eena ku bi hi\u015fmendiya exlaq\u00ee, ontoloj\u00eek, epistemoloj\u00eek \u00fb siyas\u00ee hat\u00ee hilberandin hewce dike, ne r\u00eabaz\u00ean k\u00eamker \u00ean ku \u00eeradeya mirovan, p\u00ea\u015fkeftina navxwey\u00ee ya civakan \u00fb t\u00eakil\u00eeb\u00fbna ku nirx\u00ean exlaq\u00ee derdixe hol\u00ea. T\u00earb\u00fbna zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee bi ten\u00ea ravekirina rastiyan wan vediguher\u00eene am\u00fbrek \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a pergal\u00ean serdest. Wek\u00ee din, zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean parad\u00eegmaya serdest p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirina r\u00eazika hey\u00ee di xwezay\u00eeb\u00fbnek b\u00ea guman de bi neb\u00fbna perspekt\u00eefek rast\u00een kok dikin. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea bi anal\u00eezkirina civak\u00ea t\u00ear dibe; ew asta \u00fb r\u00eaxistina veguher\u00een \u00fb rizgariya civak\u00ee j\u00ee e\u015fkere dike.<\/p>\n Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, armanca zanista civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea ravekirina diyardey\u00ean civak\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de e\u015fkerekirina avahiy\u00ean der\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ean ku ev diyarde j\u00ea derdikevin \u00fb \u00e7i celeb veguher\u00een dikare were derbaskirin e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, zanista civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea \u00e7avd\u00ear e, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de prat\u00eekek hi\u015fmendiy\u00ea ye ku bi rastiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye, derbir\u00eena tepeserkir\u00ee r\u00eaxistin dike \u00fb herik\u00een\u00ea t\u00eene nakokiy\u00ean cemid\u00ee di nav r\u00eayek veguher\u00een\u00ea de bi navg\u00eeniya t\u00eakiliya \u00e7avd\u00ear \u00fb \u00e7avd\u00earkir\u00ee, ku bi riya felsefeya kuantum\u00ea watey\u00ea digire.<\/p>\n Ji ber v\u00ea sedem\u00ea, Wallerstein nekarib\u00fb armanca zanista civak\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee diyar bike. W\u00ee hewl da ku zanista civak\u00ee di astek s\u00eestem\u00eek de ji n\u00fb ve bifikire, bi rexney\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest \u00fb Marks\u00eest bibe \u00fb perspekt\u00eefek alternat\u00eef p\u00ea\u015f bixe. L\u00eabel\u00ea, hewldan\u00ean w\u00ee ji ber nekar\u00eena w\u00ee ya anal\u00eezkirina d\u00eerok\u00ee ya nakokiy\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00ean ku civak\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eenin, nemaze diyalekt\u00eeka di navbera m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de, ji bo gih\u00ee\u015ftina tevah\u00ee ya armanca xwe k\u00eam b\u00fbn. W\u00ee bi xwe diyar kir ku ji ber v\u00ea sedem\u00ea, ew nikare f\u00eam bike ka zanista civak\u00ee “ba\u015f e an xirab, rast e an xelet e.” L\u00eabel\u00ea, zanista civak\u00ee ten\u00ea dikare armanca xwe bi anal\u00eezkirina t\u00eakiliy\u00ean cemid\u00ee, tepeserkir\u00ee \u00fb hi\u015fk diyar bike.<\/p>\n PARAD\u00ceGMA ZANISTA CIVAK\u00ce QAD\u00caN TEPESERKIR\u00ce RADIXE BER\u00c7AVAN<\/strong><\/p>\n Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, hem\u00ee p\u00eavajoy\u00ean zan\u00een\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean zanista civak\u00ee di nav s\u00eenor\u00ean hik\u00fbmetan \u00fb statuya akadem\u00eek de, di nav epistemolojiyek \u00e7\u00eakir\u00ee de hatine n\u00eaz\u00eek kirin. Ji ber ku ev perspekt\u00eef p\u00eavajoyek p\u00ea\u015fkeftina civak\u00ee ya ne-dewlet\u00ee, ne-s\u00eestem\u00eek tune ye, armanca zanista civak\u00ee ne diyar b\u00fbye.<\/p>\n Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, parad\u00eegma zanista civak\u00ee div\u00ea ji epistemolojiy\u00ean klas\u00eek derbas bibe \u00fb \u00e7avkaniya zan\u00een\u00ea di nakokiy\u00ean cemid\u00ee y\u00ean jiyana civak\u00ee de bigere. Zan\u00een, ku bi aliy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean exlaq\u00ee, estet\u00eek\u00ee, t\u00eakil\u00ee, semant\u00eek \u00fb exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ve t\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eek kirin, div\u00ea bi deng\u00ea bindestan, hi\u015f \u00fb ezm\u00fbna jinan, ziman\u00ea xwezay\u00ea \u00fb wijdan\u00ea exlaq\u00ee y\u00ea civak\u00ea were hilberandin.<\/p>\n Berevaj\u00ee ramana rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee, zanista civak\u00ee \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb hevgirtina rexney\u00ee digire nav xwe. Ew bi hi\u015f \u00fb aliy\u00ean exlaq\u00ee re mij\u00fbl dibe, l\u00ea wan ne ten\u00ea vediguher\u00eene hestiyariyek estet\u00eek\u00ee l\u00ea vediguher\u00eene qadek zan\u00een\u00ea ji bo veguher\u00eena civak\u00ee.<\/p>\n Zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean klas\u00eek t\u00eakiliya di navbera zan\u00een \u00fb civak\u00ea de di nav avahiy\u00ean cemid\u00ee de objekt\u00eef kirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, di bingeha civak\u00ea de kr\u00eezek heye ku ji ber cemidandina nakokiy\u00ean di xwezay\u00ea de, bi taybet\u00ee t\u00eakiliy\u00ean m\u00ear-jin, \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye. Parad\u00eegmaya zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee berpirsiyar e ku van dever\u00ean tepeserkir\u00ee xuya bike, herik\u00een\u00ea b\u00eene van nakokiyan \u00fb civak\u00ea ji n\u00fb ve ava bike.<\/p>\n Pi\u015ft\u00ee p\u00eanasekirina zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee bi gelemper\u00ee, k\u00earhat\u00ee ye ku t\u00eageha ti\u015ft\u00ea ku j\u00ea re civak\u00ee t\u00ea gotin were l\u00eakol\u00een kirin. Civak ne ten\u00ea ji mirov\u00ean ku bi hev re t\u00ean p\u00eak t\u00ea. Civak pergala watey\u00ea ye ku ev mirov diafir\u00eenin \u00fb li dora w\u00ea parve dikin. Ev avah\u00ee, ku xwe di nav kolekt\u00eev\u00eetey\u00ea de p\u00eak t\u00eene, civak\u00ea hem wek\u00ee mijar \u00fb hem j\u00ee wek\u00ee objekt hildiber\u00eene. Civak rew\u015fek heb\u00fbn\u00ea ye ku t\u00ea damezrandin, hilwe\u015fandin \u00fb ji n\u00fb ve t\u00ea damezrandin. Div\u00ea ew ne wek\u00ee avahiyek stat\u00eek, l\u00ea wek\u00ee heb\u00fbnek d\u00eenam\u00eek were f\u00eam kirin. Bi gotineke din, avakirina asta m\u00eekro asta makro hewce dike. Bi rast\u00ee, avakirin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna herduyan bi r\u00eaya gir\u00eadanek ku bi s\u00eenoran nay\u00ea veqetandin an j\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee d\u00eeyakron\u00eek nay\u00ea vegotin, rastiy\u00ea bi dest dixe.<\/p>\n F\u00caMKIRINA CIVAK\u00ca!<\/strong><\/p>\n Civak ne ten\u00ea li ser kesan e, \u00fb ne j\u00ee kes ji civak\u00ea serbixwe ye. Civak ne ten\u00ea haw\u00eerdora ku kes t\u00ea de watey\u00ea dib\u00eene ye, l\u00ea p\u00eavajoyek avakirina kolekt\u00eef e ku kes t\u00ea de watey\u00ea dib\u00eene. Ev p\u00eavajo bi r\u00eaya n\u00ee\u015fandana hevsengiya di navbera h\u00eaman\u00ean n\u00ear \u00fb m\u00ea de – taybetmendiy\u00ean diyalekt\u00eeka t\u00eakiliy\u00ea ya ku di xwezay\u00ea de t\u00ea d\u00eetin – li ser qada civak\u00ee t\u00ea \u015fekilkirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, mijara her\u00ee gir\u00eeng ev e ku t\u00eakiliy\u00ean cemid\u00ee kes ji mijarb\u00fbn\u00ea b\u00eapar dikin \u00fb wan t\u00eep\u00eeze dikin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, kes nikare nakokiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean navxwey\u00ee \u00eefade bike \u00fb dibe yek\u00eeneyeke fonksiyonel a pergal\u00ea.<\/p>\n F\u00eamkirina civak\u00ea bi t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina tora kes-xweza-civak\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, xwezaya diyalekt\u00eek a van t\u00eakiliyan di seranser\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea de cemid\u00ee \u00fb hiyerar\u015f\u00eeze b\u00fbye. Kr\u00eez\u00ean ku civak \u00eero dij\u00ee ne ji nakokiy\u00ean bi xwe, l\u00ea ji tepeserkirin \u00fb cemidandina van t\u00eakiliyan derdikevin hol\u00ea. Di dawiy\u00ea de, \u00e7i bi xwezay\u00ea re be \u00e7i bi kesane re be, civak bi r\u00eaya toreke t\u00eakiliyan heye, \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina civak\u00ea di ser\u00ee de bi t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina v\u00ea tora t\u00eakiliyan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. F\u00eamkirina hem nasnameya gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee ya yekane, \u00fb van di nav tora t\u00eakiliyan de, ten\u00ea r\u00eaya t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina civak\u00ea ye. Di xala daw\u00ee de, qada jiyan\u00ea ew dever e ku ev tevahiya tora t\u00eakiliyan xwe t\u00ea de xuya dike.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, jiyana civak\u00ee, di nav tevahiya s\u00eestema t\u00eakiliyan de, mijara sereke ya l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea di zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee de ye. R\u00eaber Apo v\u00ea jiyana civak\u00ee bi \u015fe\u015f taybetmendiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een p\u00eanase dike.<\/p>\n 1.Civak wek\u00ee d\u00eerok. Civak rew\u015fek e ku bi berhevkirina ezm\u00fbn\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ean mirovan ve t\u00ea \u015fekilkirin. Her civak bi t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean piral\u00ee di demek \u00fb c\u00eehek diyarkir\u00ee de t\u00ea avakirin.<\/p>\n 2.Asta j\u00eerb\u00fbn \u00fb z\u00eehniyet\u00ea. Civak ne ten\u00ea heb\u00fbnek mad\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de tevah\u00eeyek z\u00eehniyetan e. Ev z\u00eehniyet hi\u015fek kolekt\u00eef tems\u00eel dike ku bi p\u00eavajoy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee ve hat\u00ee \u015fekilkirin.<\/p>\n 3.Ziman. Ziman ne ten\u00ea am\u00fbrek ragihandin\u00ea ye; ew hilgir \u00fb avakera z\u00eehniyeta civak\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n 4.\u015eore\u015fa \u00e7andiniy\u00ea. \u015eore\u015fa \u00e7andiniy\u00ea veguher\u00eena her\u00ee rad\u00eekal e ku \u00e7anda mad\u00ee \u00fb manew\u00ee ya civak\u00ea diyar kiriye. \u00c7andin\u00ee ne ten\u00ea \u015fore\u015fek abor\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de \u015fore\u015fek der\u00fbn\u00ee, \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye j\u00ee.<\/p>\n 5.P\u00ea\u015fengtiya jinan. Berdewam\u00ee \u00fb forma damezrandina civak\u00ea li ser jinan e. Jin ne bi berhemdariya xwe, l\u00ea bi h\u00eaza xwe ya avakirina civak\u00ea biryardar in.<\/p>\n 6.Avahiya exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee. Esas\u00ea civak\u00ea di karakter\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee de ye. Exlaq civak\u00ea bi hev re digire, di heman dem\u00ea de siyaset r\u00eaber\u00ee dike, p\u00ea\u015f dixe \u00fb berdewamiya d\u00eerok\u00ee peyda dike.<\/p>\n Dema ku xwezaya exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya civak\u00ea qels dibe, ferd dibe kesayetek peywirdar, ne mijarek exlaq\u00ee. Ev n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku xer\u00eebb\u00fbna ferd\u00ee bi hilwe\u015f\u00eena s\u00eestem\u00ea re paralel e.<\/p>\n Ev \u015fe\u015f taybetmendiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een ne ten\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek teor\u00eek peyda dikin, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de ji bo hem\u00ee formasyon\u00ean civak\u00ee referansek gerd\u00fbn\u00ee j\u00ee peyda dikin. Di koka her civak\u00ea de, ev \u015fe\u015f prens\u00eeb bi awayek\u00ee d\u00eerok\u00ee, \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Di navbera van prens\u00eeban de t\u00eakiliyek diyalekt\u00eek\u00ee heye; yek b\u00eay\u00ee ya din b\u00eawate ye. Her \u00e7end her yek aliyek civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea di b\u00eahempab\u00fbna xwe de tems\u00eel dike j\u00ee, ew bi hev re tevah\u00eeyek \u00e7\u00eadikin. Qelsb\u00fbna her taybetmendiyek di nav v\u00ea tevah\u00eey\u00ea de dibe sedema windakirina wateya y\u00ean din, \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dibe sedema hilwe\u015f\u00eena civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea.<\/p>\n Her yek ji van \u015fe\u015f taybetmendiyan nakokiy\u00ean \u00e7aresernekir\u00ee di dever\u00ean cemid\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ea de diyar dike. Bi taybet\u00ee, prens\u00eeba p\u00ea\u015fengtiya jinan ji bo ji n\u00fb ve avakirina hevsengiya di navbera m\u00earan\u00ee \u00fb jinan de gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea xal\u00ea de, her \u00e7end aliy\u00ea civak\u00ee y\u00ea zanista civak\u00ee ji h\u00eala van taybetmendiyan ve t\u00ea \u015fekilkirin j\u00ee, aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea zanist\u00ee wek\u00ee prat\u00eekek derdikeve hol\u00ea ku dixwaze v\u00ea avakirin\u00ea fam bike, p\u00eanase bike, \u015f\u00eerove bike \u00fb raber bike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, xala gir\u00eeng li vir ew e ku zanist \u00fb r\u00eabaz wek\u00ee am\u00fbran, ne wek\u00ee armancan, were d\u00eetin \u00fb wan bi awayek\u00ee ku xizmeta xwezaya civak\u00ee bike were avakirin. Civak ne ti\u015ftek sab\u00eet e, l\u00ea rew\u015fek domdar a b\u00fby\u00een, guhertin \u00fb veguher\u00een\u00ea ye. Zanist div\u00ea bi v\u00ea b\u00fby\u00een\u00ea re bibe yek \u00fb rastiy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean xwer\u00fb e\u015fkere bike. Zanist heya w\u00ea ast\u00ea xizmeta civak\u00ea dike ku ew hilwe\u015fandina t\u00eakiliy\u00ean cemid\u00ee h\u00easan dike; wek\u00ee din, her \u00e7end ew civak\u00ea anal\u00eez bike j\u00ee, ew nikare w\u00ea veguher\u00eene.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, \u015fa\u015f e ku meriv zanist\u00ea wek\u00ee d\u00ees\u00eepl\u00eenek bi tevah\u00ee poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest, ceribandin an matemat\u00eek\u00ee bib\u00eene. Zanist p\u00eavajoyek p\u00ea\u015fkeftina rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee ye ku bi m\u00eetolojiy\u00ea di l\u00eager\u00eena mirovan a ji bo rastiy\u00ea de dest p\u00ea dike, bi ol \u00fb felsefey\u00ea berdewam dike, bi riya huner\u00ea yekpareb\u00fbna estet\u00eek\u00ee bi dest dixe, \u00fb bi r\u00eabaza zanist\u00ee xurt dibe. Di v\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ea de, her \u015f\u00eaweyek raman\u00ea hewl daye ku aliy\u00ean c\u00fbda y\u00ean civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea fam bike \u00fb r\u00eabaza xwe p\u00ea\u015fxistiye. Sepandina hol\u00eest\u00eek a van p\u00eanc \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean raman\u00ea ji h\u00eala civakek\u00ea ve n\u00ee\u015fana her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a karakter\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea demokrat\u00eek e.<\/p>\n Gotina R\u00eaber Apo ku dib\u00eaje “Civaka Neol\u00eet\u00eek modelek afirandina civak\u00ee tems\u00eel dike ku hem\u00fb made \u00fb enerjiya civak\u00ea dihew\u00eene, m\u00eena per\u00e7eya pi\u00e7\u00fbk a di teoriya Teq\u00eena Mezin de ku made \u00fb enerjiy\u00ea di hundur\u00ea xwe de digire”, v\u00ea hol\u00eezm\u00ea bi h\u00eaz rave dike. Di v\u00ea nuqtey\u00ea de, zanist ji pergalek ku ten\u00ea li ser \u00e7avd\u00eariya objekt\u00eef ava b\u00fbye \u00fb di laborat\u00fbar\u00ea de t\u00ea ceribandin pir z\u00eadetir e. Ji ber ku dema ku dor t\u00ea ser mirov \u00fb civak\u00ea, hilber\u00eena zan\u00een\u00ea ya ku bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean ceribandin\u00ea ve s\u00eenordar e ne bes e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, civak, di wateya xwe ya semant\u00eek de, ji qan\u00fbn\u00ean xwezay\u00ee derbas dibe \u00fb wek\u00ee xwezayek veguher\u00eener qadeke c\u00fbda tems\u00eel dike. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, rastiya civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea bi r\u00eaya \u00e7avd\u00ear\u00ee \u00fb ceribandin\u00ea, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de bi r\u00eaya hi\u015fberin-sezg\u00ee, t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin, hesasiyeta exlaq\u00ee \u00fb hi\u015fmendiya d\u00eerok\u00ee j\u00ee dikare were girtin. Zanista poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest nikare hevtay\u00ea civak\u00ee y\u00ea v\u00ea enerjiy\u00ea nas bike ji ber ku n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya w\u00ea ya hem xwezay\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee civak\u00ea dervey\u00ee ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ev enerjiya bingeh\u00een a civak\u00ee pergalek t\u00eakil\u00ee ye \u00fb ne bi r\u00eaya \u00e7avd\u00eariya dervey\u00ee, l\u00ea bi r\u00eaya anal\u00eeza navxwey\u00ee dikare were girtin.<\/p>\n PERSPEKT\u00ceFA ZELAL A PARAD\u00ceGMA ZANISTA CIVAK\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n Xala \u015fikestin\u00ea ya her\u00ee bingeh\u00een li vir e. Lihevhatina r\u00eabaza zanista n\u00fbjen bi xwezaya yekem re, l\u00ea nebikaran\u00eena w\u00ea ji bo xwezaya duyem, rastiya civak\u00ee. Determ\u00een\u00eezm, ku di xwezaya f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee de serdest e, di rastiya civak\u00ee de ji h\u00eala \u00eerade, azad\u00ee \u00fb afir\u00eeneriya mirovan ve t\u00ea \u015fikandin. Ev ji ber ku zanista n\u00fbjen nikare nakok\u00eey\u00ea anal\u00eez bike, w\u00ea wek\u00ee xeletiyek dib\u00eene. L\u00eabel\u00ea, nakok\u00ee h\u00eaza ajotin\u00ea ya di xwezay\u00ea de ye. Di t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina diyalekt\u00eek de, nakok\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya afirandin\u00ea ye. N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest bi rastkirina van nakokiyan diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea fel\u00e7 dike. Civak ne ti\u015ftek xwezay\u00ee ye, l\u00ea heb\u00fbnek e ku bi azad\u00ee heye \u00fb watey\u00ea diafir\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, r\u00eabaz di zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee de div\u00ea ne wek\u00ee qan\u00fbnek sab\u00eet \u00fb mutleq, l\u00ea wek\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek nerm, t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00fb \u015f\u00eeroveker were p\u00ea\u015fve xistin.<\/p>\n Parad\u00eegma zanista civak\u00ee li ser v\u00ea mijar\u00ea perspekt\u00eefek pir zelal p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. Ew hem k\u00fbrtir dike \u00fb hem j\u00ee bingeh\u00ean avaker ji bo rexneya metodoloj\u00eek ava dike. Ew tekez dike ku r\u00eabaz div\u00ea xizmeta t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina civak\u00ea bike; wek\u00ee din, ew \u00ea bibe armancek bi xwe, veguhere tetb\u00eeqatek am\u00fbr\u00ee ya h\u00eaz\u00ea. Ev ne rexneyek li ser r\u00eabaz\u00ea ye, l\u00ea bel\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek \u00fb hi\u015fyariyek li ser fonksiyonal\u00eezekirina r\u00eabaz\u00ea ye. R\u00eabaz, wek\u00ee am\u00fbr, div\u00ea armancan nexin bin siya xwe. Wek\u00ee din, m\u00eena bendavek ku av\u00ea digire, ew enerjiya afir\u00eener a civak\u00ea asteng dikin, w\u00ea vediguher\u00eenin zozanek\u00ea. Div\u00ea r\u00eabaz exlaq\u00ee, siyas\u00ee \u00fb nepen\u00ee bin, ku \u00e7areserkirina nakokiy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean cemid\u00ee gengaz bikin. Wek\u00ee din, r\u00eabaz nakokiyan tepeser dike, nikare takekesan azad bike, \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea wan vediguher\u00eene t\u00eepkirina rol\u00ea.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea nuqtey\u00ea de, zan\u00eena ku bi r\u00eabaza ceribandin\u00ee ya zanist\u00ea t\u00ea bidestxistin b\u00ea guman gir\u00eeng e, l\u00ea ew bi tena ser\u00ea xwe ji bo t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina heb\u00fbna civak\u00ee, mijara zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee, ne bes e. Mirov \u00fb civak ten\u00ea bi zinc\u00eera sedeman nay\u00ean ravekirin. Ew nakok, t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00fb mebest in, ku s\u00eenor\u00ean diyarkeriy\u00ea derbas dike. Mirov ten\u00ea bi formul\u00ean madd\u00ee, m\u00eena atomek an gerst\u00earkek\u00ea, nay\u00ean f\u00eamkirin. Ji ber ku mirov heb\u00fbn\u00ean xwed\u00ee potansiyela metafiz\u00eek\u00ee ne. P\u00eavajoy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fkeftin, guhertin \u00fb veguher\u00eena navxwey\u00ee hene. Ew azad, bi \u00eerade, hestyar e, xwed\u00ee nirx\u00ean exlaq\u00ee ye, \u00fb heb\u00fbna xwe bi kapas\u00eeteya xwe ya hilbijartinan \u015fekil dide. Ji ber van taybetmendiyan, heta teknolojiya her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee j\u00ee nikare p\u00eavajoya p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna civak\u00ee ya navxwey\u00ee bip\u00eeve. Ev ne ji ber k\u00eamasiyeke tekn\u00eek\u00ee ye, l\u00ea bel\u00ea ji ber w\u00ea yek\u00ea ye ku p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna navxwey\u00ee bi rast\u00ee nay\u00ea zan\u00een. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, r\u00eabaza zanist\u00ea div\u00ea mirovan bi van taybetmendiyan bigire, wan ne ten\u00ea wek\u00ee be\u015fek ji xwezay\u00ea l\u00ea wek\u00ee mijarek ku wate dide xwezay\u00ea bihesib\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina er\u00ean\u00ee ya zanist\u00ea, ku h\u00eaza xwe bi qan\u00fbn\u00ean xwezay\u00ee li ser civak\u00ea ferz dike, div\u00ea wek\u00ee \u00e7avkaniya civak\u00ea \u00fb astengiya her\u00ee mezin a ku ew di pirsgir\u00eaka zan\u00een \u00fb r\u00eabaz\u00ea de p\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb dim\u00eene were hesibandin. Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee xwezaya nakok a avakirina civak\u00ee nas nake, avakirin\u00ea rast dike, herik\u00een\u00ea radiwest\u00eene \u00fb r\u00eazek cemid\u00ee wek\u00ee qan\u00fbnek xwezay\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. Di v\u00ea r\u00eabaz\u00ea de, p\u00ea\u015fkeftina mirov\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee t\u00ea pa\u015fguh kirin, \u00fb forma zan\u00eena p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna ber\u00ea li ser mirovahiy\u00ea t\u00ea ferz kirin. P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna di zan\u00een\u00ea de ku ji h\u00eala p\u00ea\u015fkeftina mirov\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee ve hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin, \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina w\u00ea ya r\u00eabaz\u00ea, t\u00eane red kirin \u00fb pa\u015fguh kirin. Dema ku mirov p\u00eakan\u00eena her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee, dewlemend \u00fb b\u00eak\u00eamas\u00ee di heb\u00fbna gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de tems\u00eel dikin, qan\u00fbn\u00ean avakirin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fkeftina kevir, gerst\u00eark, an heywanek li ser wan hatine ferz kirin. Rastiya mirovahiy\u00ea, ku ji van hem\u00fb \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean heb\u00fbn\u00ea derbas dibe \u00fb pir dewlemend \u00fb nerm e, hatiye pa\u015fguhkirin.<\/p>\n \u00c7avd\u00eariya R\u00eaber Apo ku xwezaya civak\u00ee li gor\u00ee mekan\u00eezmayan, determ\u00een\u00eezm\u00ea, matemat\u00eek, poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eezm\u00ea, an zanista serdema n\u00fbjen xwed\u00ee xwezayek n\u00eene, v\u00ea cudah\u00eey\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, r\u00eabaz di zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee de div\u00ea li gor\u00ee xwezaya civak\u00ea were ji n\u00fb ve avakirin. Ev ji n\u00fb ve avakirin ne ten\u00ea mijarek tekn\u00eek\u00ee ye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de berpirsiyariyek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye j\u00ee. Ji ber ku r\u00eabaz ne ten\u00ea diyar dike ka zan\u00een \u00e7awa t\u00ea bidestxistin, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de ev zan\u00een d\u00ea ji k\u00ea re j\u00ee xizmet\u00ea bike.<\/p>\n Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee div\u00ea ji mantiqa nakok\u00ee ya cemid\u00ee ya poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eezm\u00ea derbas bibe \u00fb ber bi pergalek zan\u00een\u00ea ya azadker \u00fb veguher\u00eener ve bi\u00e7e ku bi hevsengiya xwer\u00fb ya xweza \u00fb civak\u00ea re lihevhat\u00ee ye. Zanist prat\u00eekek exlaq\u00ee ye ku ne ten\u00ea rave dike ka \u00e7i heye, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de r\u00eaberiya ti\u015ft\u00ea ku dikare bibe dike.<\/p>\n R\u00eabaza parad\u00eegmat\u00eek a zanista civak\u00ee p\u00eavajoyek be\u015fdarb\u00fbn \u00fb \u00e7\u00eakirina watey\u00ea ye ku li ser t\u00eakiliyek tevlihev bi jiyan\u00ea re ye, rastiya civak\u00ee e\u015fkere dike, berpirsiyariya exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee hildigire, \u00fb li ser bingeha civak\u00eeb\u00fbna l\u00eebertaryan e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ev r\u00eabaz objekt\u00eefkirin, d\u00fbrxistina \u00e7avd\u00ear \u00fb serdestiy\u00ea ji hol\u00ea radike. Ew wek\u00ee p\u00eavajoyek p\u00ea\u015f dikeve ku t\u00eakiliyan saz dike, watey\u00ea ava dike \u00fb azadiy\u00ea hildigire.<\/p>\n R\u00eabaz ne ten\u00ea r\u00eabazek ji bo bidestxistina zan\u00een\u00ea ye; ew hilbijartinek exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee, demokrat\u00eek e ku r\u00ea, armanc \u00fb berpirsiyariya civak\u00ee ya zan\u00een\u00ea diyar dike. R\u00eabazek rast\u00een p\u00eavajoyek t\u00eakil\u00ee ye ku rastiy\u00ean azad\u00eexwaz \u00fb piral\u00ee y\u00ean di xwezaya civak\u00ea de e\u015fkere dike.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, hi\u015fyariya duyem\u00een a metodoloj\u00eek a R\u00eaber Apo ew e ku mirov wek\u00ee m\u00eenaka her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee ya c\u00eehana heb\u00fbn\u00ea bihesib\u00eene. Ev t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin li ser n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek hol\u00eest\u00eek e ku mirovan di her du aliy\u00ean wan \u00ean xwezay\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee de dihesib\u00eene.<\/p>\n Li ser v\u00ea ast\u00ea mirov dihesib\u00eenin t\u00ea wateya qeb\u00fblkirina ku ew ne ten\u00ea heb\u00fbn\u00ean nasnamey\u00ee ne, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de heb\u00fbn\u00ean exlaq\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eakil\u00ee ne. Mirov heb\u00fbn\u00ean ku di nav t\u00eakiliyan de \u00e7\u00eadibin in, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, zanista civak\u00ee b\u00eay\u00ee naskirina xwezaya nakok l\u00ea hilber\u00eener a van t\u00eakiliyan nikare bigih\u00eeje rastiy\u00ea.<\/p>\n Li ser mirovan wek\u00ee heb\u00fbnek gerd\u00fbn\u00ee t\u00ea wateya navendkirina ne ten\u00ea potansiyela wan a biyoloj\u00eek l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de potansiyela wan a der\u00fbn\u00ee, civak\u00ee \u00fb metafiz\u00eek\u00ee j\u00ee. Ev heb\u00fbn ne stat\u00eek e, l\u00ea p\u00eavajoyek e ku bi nakok\u00ee \u00fb dijberiyan re p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, zanista civak\u00ee ne ten\u00ea div\u00ea raveker be l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de veguher\u00eener be j\u00ee, ji ber ku bingeha veguher\u00een\u00ea nakok\u00ee ye. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ov\u00ea de, zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee navenda sereke ya zanist\u00ee ne ku ne ten\u00ea rave dikin, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de diguher\u00eenin, azad dikin \u00fb be\u015fdar\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve avakirina gerd\u00fbnek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee dibin. Div\u00ea civak \u00ead\u00ee wek\u00ee ti\u015ftek sab\u00eet, l\u00ea wek\u00ee subjektek hi\u015fmend ney\u00ea hesibandin. Dan\u00eena civak\u00ea di v\u00ea poz\u00eesyona subjekt\u00ea de yek ji erk\u00ean her\u00ee bingeh\u00een \u00ean zanista civak\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n