Di \u00e7aryeka daw\u00ee ya sedsala 20\u2019an de derketiye hol\u00ea ya fikra postmodern, bi derketina li hember\u00ee metanarrat\u00eev\u00ean mezin, pergal\u00ean gerd\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ean navend\u00ee t\u00ea naskirin. Bi xuyangek\u00ee ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee, gotina azad\u00ee, pirb\u00fbn \u00fb cudahiy\u00ea derdixe p\u00ea\u015f. L\u00ea postmodern\u00eezm diyardeya diyalekt\u00eeka civak\u00ee bi rast\u00ee azad nake, belku w\u00ea per\u00e7e dike, ji watey\u00ea qut dike \u00fb civak\u00ea dide ber zem\u00eenek\u00ee b\u00eaorgan\u00eeze \u00fb belavb\u00fby\u00ee.<\/p>\n
F\u00eelozof\u00ean postmodern, dema ku \u00eedd\u00eeay\u00ean aqil\u00ea rasyonal, p\u00ea\u015fketin \u00fb nesneliya zanist\u00ee ya modern\u00eetey\u00ea dipirsin, di heman dem\u00ea de fikra yekitiya civak\u00ee j\u00ee red dikin. Pirb\u00fbna b\u00eadaw\u00ee ya cudah\u00ee, nasname \u00fb gotinan t\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistin. L\u00ea ev pirb\u00fbn, avakirina avahiyeke civak\u00ee ya bi rast\u00ee azad\u00eexwaz asteng dike.<\/p>\n
Postmodern\u00eezm bi xuyangek\u00ee li dij\u00ee navend\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye, l\u00ea modela civaka ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya ku t\u00ea de nakok\u00ee b\u00ean tepisandin \u00fb bi r\u00eay\u00ean organ\u00eezekir\u00ee b\u00ean guhertin j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f naxe. Berevaj\u00ee, atmosfereke \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a ku t\u00ea de nakok\u00ee b\u00ean per\u00e7ekirin, wate belav b\u00fbye \u00fb hilwe\u015f\u00eena civak\u00ee k\u00fbrtir b\u00fbye, diafir\u00eene.<\/p>\n
N\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean postmodern, dema ku kesayet\u00ee, cudahiy\u00ean nasnamey\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee p\u00eeroz dikin, fikra yekitiya civak\u00ee, hevgirtin, organ\u00eezeb\u00fbn \u00fb azadb\u00fbna kolekt\u00eef b\u00eaq\u00eemet dikin. Ev p\u00eavajo civak\u00ea ji zordariy\u00ea rizgar nake, berevaj\u00ee w\u00ea kitleyek\u00ee per\u00e7e, b\u00eaparastin \u00fb b\u00eaorgan\u00eeze diafir\u00eene.<\/p>\n
Pergala kap\u00eetal\u00eest, gotina postmodern ya ku ev per\u00e7e b\u00fbn\u00ea rewa dike bi lez \u00fb bez qeb\u00fbl dike. Di nava kaosa cudahiy\u00ean bi xuyangek\u00ee b\u00eadaw\u00ee de, pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean rast\u00een b\u00ean d\u00eetin, diyalekt\u00eeka civak\u00ee t\u00ea b\u00eabandorkirin \u00fb r\u00eaj\u00eemek\u00ee wiha t\u00ea xurtkirin.<\/p>\n
Azadiya rast\u00een, bi guhertina nakokiyan di nava civak\u00ea de bi r\u00eay\u00ean ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee \u00fb b\u00eay\u00ee tepisandin\u00ea p\u00eakan e. Q\u00eemeta cudahiyan, avakirina yekitiya civak\u00ee, organ\u00eezeb\u00fbna demokrat\u00eek \u00fb hi\u015fmendiya kolekt\u00eef p\u00eaw\u00eest dike.<\/p>\n
Di encam\u00ea de, postmodern\u00eezm dema ku rexne li desthilatdariya navend\u00ee digire, qad\u00ean ku t\u00ea de diyalekt\u00eek bi awayek\u00ee organ\u00eezekir\u00ee \u00fb azad b\u00ea jiy\u00een ji ned\u00eet\u00ee ve t\u00ea, civak\u00ea ber bi hilwe\u015f\u00een \u00fb b\u00eaparastin\u00ea ve dibe.<\/p>\n
GRAMSCI \u00db FOUCAULT: DI DE\u015e\u00ceFREKIRINA NAZIKIY\u00caN HEGEMONYAY\u00ca DE…<\/strong><\/p>\n Gramsci \u00fb Foucault, du ramanwer\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00ean sedsala 20\u2019an, bi t\u00eagihi\u015ftineke rexney\u00ee li zanista civak\u00ee ya klas\u00eek z\u00eade kirine \u00fb e\u015fkere kirine ku hegemonya ne ten\u00ea bi zor\u00ea, belku bi \u00eedeoloj\u00ee, \u00e7and \u00fb zan\u00een\u00ea ve j\u00ee \u00e7awa t\u00ea avakirin. L\u00ea her du ramanwer j\u00ee zem\u00eeneke teor\u00eek a ku t\u00ea de nakok\u00ee bi temam\u00ee b\u00ean ki\u015fandin nav civak\u00ea \u00fb pergaleke azadker \u00fb organ\u00eezekir\u00ee b\u00ea avakirin, \u00e7\u00eanekirine.<\/p>\n T\u00eageha \u201chegemonya\u201d ya Gramsci, di ravekirina \u00e7awa desthilatdar\u00ee ne ten\u00ea bi zor \u00fb zordariy\u00ea, belku bi civaka siv\u00eel, perwerde, \u00e7and \u00fb am\u00fbr\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek ve t\u00ea domandin de gir\u00eeng e. Gramsci n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku \u00e7\u00een\u00ean desthilatdar bi organ\u00eezekirina raz\u00eeb\u00fbna civak\u00ea, desthilatdariya xwe xurt dikin. Bi n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya Gramsci, h\u00eaz\u00ean hegemonyaya mutleq, nakokiyan bi am\u00fbr\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00ean \u00e7\u00eena desthilatdar ve b\u00ean d\u00eetin.<\/p>\n Foucault j\u00ee dib\u00eaje ku zan\u00een \u00fb desthilatdar\u00ee bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne \u00fb ji zanista modern bigire heta perwerde, nexwe\u015fxane \u00fb girt\u00eegehan, hem\u00fb avahiy\u00ean saz\u00fbman\u00ee bi r\u00eaya van t\u00eane kontrolkirina kes \u00fb civak\u00ea. T\u00eageh\u00ean \u201ccivaka \u00e7avd\u00ear\u201d \u00fb \u201cm\u00eekro desthilatdar\u00ee\u201d mekan\u00eezmay\u00ean nazik \u00ean zordariy\u00ea e\u015fkere dikin.<\/p>\n T\u00eakiliya zan\u00een-desthilatdar\u00ee, zan\u00een\u00ea ji bo tepisandin \u00fb bir\u00eavebirina nakokiy\u00ean civak\u00ee hatiye bikaran\u00een. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea li gor\u00ee Foucault, di civaka modern de nakok\u00ee bi dis\u00eepl\u00een, \u00e7avd\u00ear\u00ee \u00fb gotin\u00ea ve t\u00eane kontrolkirin.<\/p>\n L\u00ea ev n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean rexney\u00ee, bingeha \u00eedeoloj\u00eek, \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb zanist\u00ee ya zordariy\u00ea e\u015fkere bikin j\u00ee, di war\u00ea ki\u015fandina diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea bi temam\u00ee nav civak\u00ea \u00fb avakirina civaka ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee de k\u00eam dim\u00eenin, modela organ\u00eezeb\u00fbn\u00ea ya ku civak\u00ea bi h\u00eaza xwe ya bingeh\u00een nakokiyan biguher\u00eene p\u00ea\u015fniyar nakin. \u00c7areser\u00ee wek\u00ee berxwedan\u00ean per\u00e7e an j\u00ee derketin\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb demkurt p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dikin.<\/p>\n T\u00eageha hegemonya Gramsci j\u00ee k\u00eam dim\u00eene, nakokiyan ten\u00ea di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00eenan de dinirx\u00eene, azadiya jin\u00ea, civaka ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee, kok\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean dewlet\u00ea \u00fb nakokiy\u00ean k\u00fbr nay\u00ean d\u00eetin. Foucault j\u00ee dema ku t\u00eakiliya zan\u00een-desthilatdar\u00ee e\u015fkere dike, alternat\u00eefa civak\u00ee \u00e7\u00eanake, berxwedana kesane \u00fb l\u00eager\u00een\u00ean \u00e7areseriy\u00ea y\u00ean per\u00e7e te\u015fw\u00eeq dike.<\/p>\n R\u00eaber Apo, li vir gir\u00eengiya ne ten\u00ea e\u015fkerekirina nakokiyan, belku di heman dem\u00ea de guhertina wan bi h\u00eaza xwe ya civak\u00ea ve li ser zem\u00eeneke ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya organ\u00eezekir\u00ee, destn\u00ee\u015fan dike.<\/p>\n Gramsci \u00fb Foucault, nazikiy\u00ean hegemonyay\u00ea de\u015f\u00eefre bikin j\u00ee, modela \u00e7areseriy\u00ea ya azad\u00eexwaz \u00fb kolekt\u00eef a ku t\u00ea de diyalekt\u00eek bi temam\u00ee t\u00ea ki\u015fandin nav civak\u00ea, p\u00ea\u015f naxin.<\/p>\n PARAD\u00ceGMAYA N\u00db YA ZANISTA CIVAK\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n Di d\u00eerok\u00ea de diyalekt\u00eeka civak\u00ee ya ku hertim hatiye tepisandin, per\u00e7ekirin \u00fb bin zordariy\u00ea, ten\u00ea bi parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee ya ku R\u00eaber Apo p\u00ea\u015f xistiye, d\u00eesa hatiye ki\u015fandin nav civak\u00ea. Ev parad\u00eegma, ji felsefeya klas\u00eek, zanista poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest \u00fb teoriy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean modern bi awayek\u00ee k\u00fbr cuda dibe, diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea dike h\u00eamana bingeh\u00een a azadb\u00fbna civak\u00ee, civaka ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee \u00fb azadiya jin\u00ea.<\/p>\n Li gor\u00ee R\u00eaber Apo, civak \u201cXwezaya S\u00eayem\u201d e.<\/p>\n Xwezaya Yekem, rastiya fiz\u00eek\u00ee-nesnel e.<\/p>\n Xwezaya Duyem, afir\u00eeneriya \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee ya mirov \u00fb par\u00e7eb\u00fbna w\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n Xwezaya S\u00eayem j\u00ee, asta ku mirov xwe \u00fb civaka xwe bi r\u00eay\u00ean ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee derdixe hi\u015fmendiy\u00ea \u00fb li ser bingeha azadiy\u00ea ji n\u00fb ve ava dike.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea n\u00ear\u00een\u00ea de:<\/p>\n – Jin \u00fb Kom\u00fbn di navenda zanista civak\u00ee de ne<\/p>\n – Zihniyeta kast\u00ee-qatil kevir\u00ea bingeh\u00een \u00ea zanista civak\u00ee ye<\/p>\n – Nakok\u00ee xwezay\u00ee ne, ne t\u00ean tepisandin, ne j\u00ee t\u00ean ve\u015fartin<\/p>\n – Diyalekt\u00eek, bi h\u00eaza xwe ya civak\u00ea \u00fb bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee dixebitin<\/p>\n – Azadiya jin\u00ea, xala kil\u00eet a derketina diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea \u00fb veguher\u00eena civak\u00ee ye<\/p>\n – Diyalekt\u00eeka mirov-xweza-civak di nava aheng \u00fb yekitiy\u00ea de ye<\/p>\n – Zanist, ahlak \u00fb siyaset ji hev nequt in, am\u00fbr\u00ean ku civak l\u00ea dibe subje, xwe nas dike \u00fb r\u00eave dibe ne<\/p>\n – Dewlet ne hevsengiyeke xwezay\u00ee ya nakokiyan e, avahiya ku diyalekt\u00eek l\u00ea diqeli\u015fe, nakok\u00ee l\u00ea t\u00ean tepisandin \u00fb civak l\u00ea b\u00ea\u00eerade t\u00ea kirin e.<\/p>\n Parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee ya R\u00eaber Apo, li ser modela civaka azad a ji j\u00ear ber bi jor ve ava dibe. Navxwey\u00eet\u00ee, hevgirtina kom\u00fbnal, organ\u00eezeb\u00fbna ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee h\u00eaman\u00ean bingeh\u00een in. Li hember\u00ee avahiya tepis\u00eener a \u015faristaniya dewletpar\u00eaz a ji jor ber bi j\u00ear ve, civak bi d\u00eenam\u00eek\u00ean xwe y\u00ean navxwey\u00ee bi h\u00eaz dibe, nakokiy\u00ean xwe diguher\u00eene \u00fb azadiya xwe ava dike.<\/p>\n N\u00eaz\u00eekatiya Xwezaya S\u00eayem ne ten\u00ea teoriyeke akadem\u00eek e. Ew nex\u015fer\u00eaya prat\u00eek e ku \u00eeradeya civak\u00ea, hi\u015fmendiya ahlak\u00ee \u00fb organ\u00eezeb\u00fbna siyas\u00ee bi h\u00eaz dike, li hember\u00ee zordar\u00ee \u00fb pergala dewlet\u00ea qad\u00ean azadiy\u00ea diafir\u00eene.<\/p>\n R\u00eaber Apo zanista civak\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve p\u00eanase dike:<\/p>\n Zanista civak\u00ee ne li dervey\u00ee civak\u00ea ye, p\u00eavajoya ku civak xwe f\u00eam dike \u00fb diguher\u00eene ye.<\/p>\n Zan\u00een ne am\u00fbr\u00ea zordariy\u00ea ye, am\u00fbr\u00ea azad\u00ee, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb civaka ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n Azadiya jin\u00ea, \u015ferta b\u00eaveger a derketina diyalekt\u00eeka civak\u00ee \u00fb veguher\u00eena w\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n Ev parad\u00eegma hem rexneya zanista civak\u00ee ya klas\u00eek dihew\u00eene, hem j\u00ee modela azad\u00eexwaz a alternat\u00eef ava dike. Ki\u015fandina diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea d\u00eesa nav civak\u00ea, jiyana nakokiyan b\u00eay\u00ee tepisandin \u00fb bih\u00eazkirina civaka ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee, \u015fore\u015fa her\u00ee k\u00fbr e ku R\u00eaber Apo daye zanista civak\u00ee.<\/p>\n WATEYA STRATEJ\u00ceK A ZANISTA CIVAK\u00ce YA N\u00db<\/strong><\/p>\n Parad\u00eegmaya zanista civak\u00ee ya ku R\u00eaber Apo p\u00ea\u015f xistiye, ne ten\u00ea s\u00eenor\u00ean zanista civak\u00ee ya hey\u00ee derbas dike, di heman dem\u00ea de hem\u00fb aliy\u00ean ku di d\u00eerok\u00ea de civak\u00ea tepisandine \u00fb civak\u00ea b\u00eah\u00eaz kirine e\u015fkere dike, xuya dike \u00fb r\u00eaya guhertina wan vedike. Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00ee, zanista civak\u00ee ji qalib\u00ean teng \u00ean akadem\u00eek rizgar dike, w\u00ea d\u00eesa bi azad\u00ee, ahlak, siyaset \u00fb \u00eeradeya civak\u00ee re hevd\u00eetin dike.<\/p>\n Di d\u00eerok\u00ea de:<\/p>\n – Li S\u00fbmer\u00ea dewlet, perestgeh \u00fb baviksalar\u00ee,<\/p>\n – Di zanista modern de poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eezm, ewropamerkez\u00eet\u00ee,<\/p>\n – Di Marks\u00eezm\u00ea de \u00eendirgemeciliya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean dewletpar\u00eaz,<\/p>\n – Di postmodern\u00eezm\u00ea de per\u00e7ekirin \u00fb b\u00eawatekirin,<\/p>\n – Di Gramsci \u00fb Foucault de n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean rexney\u00ee l\u00ea k\u00eam, hem\u00fb wek\u00ee t\u00eagihi\u015ftin\u00ean ku civak\u00ea tepisandine, nakok\u00ee ve\u015fartine \u00fb zordar\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve hilberandine derketine hol\u00ea. L\u00ea di kok\u00ean civaka kom\u00fbnal de, di h\u00eenkirina Zerde\u015ft de, di felsefeya ahlak\u00ee de, di t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena azadiya jin\u00ea de, di damar\u00ean cih\u00eareng \u00ean d\u00eeroka berxwedan\u00ea de, xeta azad\u00eexwaz a ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya ku civak\u00ea bi h\u00eaz dike hertim heb\u00fbye.<\/p>\n T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina n\u00fb ya zanista civak\u00ee, van damar\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean tepisand\u00ee e\u015fkere dike, diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea d\u00eesa diki\u015f\u00eene nav bingeh\u00ea civak\u00ea \u00fb avakirina civakeke azad, ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya ji j\u00ear ber bi jor ve, hem di asta teor\u00eek hem j\u00ee di asta prat\u00eek de mumkun dike.<\/p>\n Li vir Xwezaya S\u00eayem, nav\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ea kapas\u00eeteya civak\u00ea ya ku xwe nas bike, biguher\u00eene \u00fb azad bike ye.<\/p>\n Azadiya jin\u00ea, mifteya vej\u00eena hi\u015fmendiya civak\u00ee \u00fb diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n Organ\u00eezeb\u00fbna ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee, alternat\u00eef \u00fb r\u00eaya \u00e7areseriy\u00ea ya li hember\u00ee avahiy\u00ean zordar \u00ean dewlet\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina n\u00fb ya zanista civak\u00ee:<\/p>\n – Civak\u00ea nesne nake,<\/p>\n – Zan\u00een\u00ea neke am\u00fbr\u00ea zordariy\u00ea,<\/p>\n – Nakokiyan napelix\u00eene, e\u015fkere dike \u00fb diguher\u00eene,<\/p>\n – Damar\u00ean ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee y\u00ean ku civak\u00ea bi h\u00eaz \u00fb azad dikin e\u015fkere dike,<\/p>\n – Di bin modern\u00eeteya demokrat\u00eek \u00fb azad\u00eexwaz de avakirineke civak\u00ee ya alternat\u00eef p\u00ea\u015fniyar dike.<\/p>\n Ev parad\u00eegmaya n\u00fb ya zanista civak\u00ee, r\u00eabaz \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina determin\u00eest a rasterast a ku zan\u00een\u00ea ji navend\u00ea \u00fb hi\u015fmendiy\u00ea ji derve t\u00eene red dike. Bi v\u00ea taybetmendiya xwe ne ten\u00ea reformeke akadem\u00eek e, bingeha stratej\u00eek a vej\u00eena civak\u00ee, \u015fiyarb\u00fbna ahlak\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena azadiy\u00ea ye. B\u00eay\u00ee v\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin\u00ea ne diyalekt\u00eek dixebitin, ne nakok\u00ee \u00e7areser dibin, ne j\u00ee civak \u00eerade \u00fb azadiya xwe ji n\u00fb ve dist\u00eene.<\/p>\n Di encam\u00ea de, zanista civak\u00ee ya n\u00fb, nakokiy\u00ean tepisand\u00ee e\u015fkere dike, civak\u00ea d\u00eesa dike subje, yekitiya ahengdar a civak-xweza-mirov ava dike \u00fb di bingeha azadiya ahlak\u00ee-siyas\u00ee de veguher\u00eena civak\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00eene, p\u00eadiviyeke d\u00eerok\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n