{"id":16389,"date":"2026-06-15T12:05:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/?p=16389"},"modified":"2026-06-15T12:06:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T10:06:03","slug":"manifestoya-civaka-demokratik-u-komunal-besa-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/manifestoya-civaka-demokratik-u-komunal-besa-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Man\u00eefestoya Civaka Demokrat\u00eek \u00fb Kom\u00fbnal – BE\u015eA 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

XWEZAYA CIVAK\u00ce \u00db PIRSGIR\u00caK\u00caN W\u00ca<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- T\u00eag\u00eenkirina Xwezaya Civak\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00eag\u00eenkirina “xwezaya civak\u00ee” n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku civak avahiyek e ku li dora hin r\u00eagez-prens\u00eeb \u00fb p\u00eevan\u00ean taybet\u00ee y\u00ean w\u00ea hatiye \u015fekilkirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ev t\u00eageh li ser texm\u00een\u00ean nepen\u00ee y\u00ean li ser civak\u00ee hatiye avakirin. Dema ku em n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee t\u00eag\u00eenkirina xwezaya civak\u00ee dibin, em di ser\u00ee de destn\u00ee\u015fan dikin ku civak bi xwezaya yekem ve gir\u00eadayiye \u00fb wek\u00ee p\u00eakhateyek w\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ev hem sedem \u00fb hem j\u00ee encama p\u00eanasekirina mirovahiy\u00ea wek\u00ee heb\u00fbnek eko-civak\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Werin em bi pirsa “Xwezaya civak\u00ea \u00e7i ye?” bidom\u00eenin. Xwezaya civak\u00ea, bi gotineke din, aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea ekoloj\u00eek, rew\u015fa f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee ya xwezay\u00ea \u00fb diyalekt\u00eeka w\u00ea ye. Ji aliyek\u00ee din ve, aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea civak\u00ee xwezaya duyem\u00een e ku ji h\u00eala aqil \u00fb \u00eeradeya mirovan ve hatiye \u015fekilkirin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fxistin, bi taybetmendiy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean b\u00eahempa ku w\u00ea ji xwezaya yekem cuda dike.<\/p>\n

Civak\u00eeb\u00fbn di bingeh de \u00e7alakiya mirovahiy\u00ea ye ku bi xwezaya xwe re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb dim\u00eene \u00fb ji n\u00fb ve diafir\u00eene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew \u00e7\u00eerokeke avakirin\u00ea li pi\u015ft xwe hildigire, di nav de p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna xwezay\u00ee, d\u00eeroka avakirin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna zindiyan, cureb\u00fbna ber bi nebat \u00fb heywanan, pergala rehikan \u00fb avakirina m\u00eaj\u00ee. Ev \u00e7\u00eerok ji bo p\u00eanasekirin \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina rast a \u00e7alakiya civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea gir\u00eeng e. Avab\u00fbna diyalekt\u00eek bi xwezay\u00ee gav\u00ean ji ni\u015fka ve, berevaj\u00eekirin, lezandin \u00fb h\u00ead\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea dihew\u00eene, l\u00ea ew r\u00ea nade \u015fikestin\u00ean daw\u00ee \u00fb mutleq. Di dawiy\u00ea de, ew mirov in ku v\u00ea xwezaya civak\u00ee diafir\u00eenin. Xwezaya civak\u00ee rastiyek e ku li dora curey\u00ean mirovan \u00e7\u00eadibe. Heywan j\u00ee di civakan de dij\u00een, l\u00ea civata heywanan c\u00fbda ye. Heywan xwed\u00ee p\u00eakateyek m\u00eem\u00eek in; ew bi r\u00eaya h\u00eess\u00eet\u00ee (i\u00e7gudu) \u00fb teql\u00eedkirin\u00ea dixebitin. Er\u00ea, mirov j\u00ee xwed\u00ee h\u00eess\u00eeyat \u00fb meyl\u00ean teql\u00eedkirin\u00ea ne. Ev meyla teql\u00eedkirin\u00ea bermahiyek qonaxa heywanan e. Qata her\u00ee j\u00ear\u00een a m\u00eaj\u00ee ji heywanan m\u00eeras t\u00ea girtin. M\u00eajiy\u00ea kevin berpirsiyar\u00ea h\u00eess\u00eetiy\u00ea ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ramana m\u00eet\u00eek ji ramana m\u00eem\u00eek derbas dibe. N\u00fbneratiya w\u00ea di m\u00eaj\u00ee de ew be\u015fa ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin mejiy\u00ea nav\u00een e. Mirov di bin berpirsiyariya w\u00ea de dibin mirov. Mirov\u00ea ku ramana m\u00eet\u00eek t\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015f dikeve, di rastiy\u00ea de mirov\u00ea ku ji h\u00eala mejiy\u00ea nav\u00een ve hat\u00ee afirandin e. B\u00ea guman, ev hem\u00fb bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Ew ne wek\u00ee bi k\u00ear\u00ea t\u00eane qutkirin, ne j\u00ee gav bi gav bilind dibin. Gerd\u00fbnek mezin heye ku her ti\u015ft t\u00ea de bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, k\u00ee\/\u00ea berpirsiyar\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbna xwezaya civak\u00ee di curey\u00ea mirovan de ye? Li vir zayenda m\u00ea dikeve dewr\u00ea. Ya h\u00een balk\u00ea\u015ftir ew e ku m\u00earan\u00ee \u00fb jinb\u00fbn \u00e7awa derketine hol\u00ea. Bi qas\u00ee ku em dizanin, heb\u00fbn\u00ean ber\u00ea yek-hucrey\u00ee b\u00fbn, bi r\u00eaya m\u00eetoz\u00ea z\u00eade dib\u00fbn ku her hucre dibe du. Yek dibe didu. Ev \u015f\u00eaweya z\u00eadeb\u00fbn\u00ea t\u00ea zan\u00een. H\u00een j\u00ee cudahiya m\u00ear-m\u00ea tune. \u00db ev bi m\u00eelyonan salan berdewam kir. T\u00ea gotin ku dabe\u015fkirina zindiyan bo n\u00ear \u00fb m\u00ea vedigere 300 m\u00eelyon sal ber\u00ea. Bersiva pirsa \u00e7ima dabe\u015fkirinek wisa ya m\u00ear-m\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye d\u00ea diyalekt\u00eeka xwezay\u00ea be.<\/p>\n

Her ti\u015ft dual\u00eest e. Made \u00e7awa ji enerjiy\u00ea derketiye, per\u00e7e \u00e7awa ji hev cuda b\u00fbne? Er\u00ea, di atom\u00ea de per\u00e7e hene; b\u00ea per\u00e7e, atom tune. Made \u00e7awa vediguhere enerjiy\u00ea? Ew ti\u015ft\u00ean xuya, st\u00eark, enerjiya mad\u00ee ne. Gir\u00eengiya formula Einstein di w\u00ea yek\u00ea de ye ku mijar\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee bike. Diyardeya m\u00ear-m\u00ea dir\u00eajkirina v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye. Ew ne ti\u015ftek dijber\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftina gerd\u00fbn\u00ea ye. Wek\u00ee dir\u00eajkirinek ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea, yekb\u00fbna heb\u00fbn\u00ean cuda h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00ea ku \u015f\u00fbna dual\u00eetey\u00ea di nav heb\u00fbnek yekane de digire. ‘Yek’ dibe du, heb\u00fbn\u00ean jin \u00fb m\u00ear diafir\u00eene, ku d\u00fbv re d\u00eesa dibin yek da ku du ‘yek’an \u00e7\u00eabikin. M\u00earb\u00fbnek h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee k\u00fbrtir \u00fb heb\u00fbnek jin a k\u00fbrtir p\u00ea\u015f dikevin.<\/p>\n

Li vir gir\u00eeng e ku meriv rola jinan binirx\u00eene. C\u00fbdahiya di navbera jin \u00fb m\u00ear de ne m\u00fbc\u00eeze ye; ew p\u00eadiviyek diyalekt\u00eeka xwezay\u00ea ye. Ew ne c\u00fbdahiyek e ku serdestiy\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Jinb\u00fbn ne serdest e \u00fb m\u00earb\u00fbn j\u00ee p\u00eeroz n\u00eene. Ev ne rastiy\u00ean ku div\u00ea encam\u00ean taybet\u00ee j\u00ea werin derxistin in. Ew \u00ea \u00e7\u00eabibin \u00fb ji ber diyalekt\u00eeka xwezay\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadibin. Bi rast\u00ee, em ji v\u00ea re dib\u00eajin c\u00fbdah\u00ee. B\u00eay\u00ee c\u00fbdahiy\u00ea, jiyan tune. Wateya jiyan\u00ea bi c\u00fbdahiy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Ger xweza we bike du par\u00e7e, h\u00fbn \u00ea v\u00ea dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ea wek\u00ee derfetek ji bo azadiy\u00ea, wek\u00ee c\u00fbdahiyek bib\u00eenin. Ew c\u00fbdah\u00ee wateyek heye; jinb\u00fbn wateyek heye \u00fb her weha m\u00earb\u00fbn j\u00ee. Ev di civak\u00ea de j\u00ee xwe n\u00ee\u015fan daye; ya gir\u00eeng ew e ku em wan nekin h\u00eaz\u00ean dijber. Kirina wan h\u00eaz\u00ean dijber destp\u00eaka pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Veqetandina nijada mirovan ji xwezay\u00ea \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbna w\u00ea ya pi\u015ftre di\u015fibihe hev. L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean antropoloj\u00eek n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku di qonax\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea de, nijada mirovan ji ajal\u00ean din \u00ean ku di xwezay\u00ea de di civakan de dij\u00een ne cuda b\u00fb. \u015e\u00eawey\u00ean her\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ean jiyana bi \u015f\u00eawaza e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee bi piran\u00ee ji v\u00ea celeb\u00ea b\u00fbn. Her ku civak\u00eeb\u00fbn p\u00ea\u015f ket, t\u00eakiliya di navbera mirovan \u00fb xwezay\u00ea de dest p\u00ea kir ku kal\u00eeteyek n\u00fb bi dest bixe. Civak wek\u00ee avahiyek ji mirovan p\u00eak t\u00ea, t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Bi awayek\u00ee, ev rast e, l\u00ea civak ne ten\u00ea avahiyek e ku ji h\u00eala komb\u00fbna hejmar\u00ee ya mirovan ve hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin. Civak avahiyek e ku bi riya wate \u00fb xeyala ku ji h\u00eala mirov\u00ean ku li hev dicivin ve hat\u00ee afirandin heb\u00fbn\u00ea bi dest dixe. Hevd\u00eetina mirovan rew\u015fek f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, wate ew h\u00eaman e ku civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea diyar dike \u00fb kal\u00eetey\u00ea dide w\u00ea. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, di kiryara civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de, wate h\u00eamana damezr\u00eener \u00fb bingeha ontoloj\u00eek e.<\/p>\n

Werin em n\u00ee\u015fana pirs\u00ea hinek\u00ee k\u00fbrtir deynin \u00fb bipirsin: Wateya ku bingeha ontoloj\u00eek a civak\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene \u00e7i ye, ew \u00e7awa t\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirin \u00fb li gor\u00ee \u00e7i ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee ‘watedar’ an ‘b\u00eawate’ t\u00ea p\u00eanase kirin? Ev pirs pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean gir\u00eeng dihew\u00eenin ku hewcey\u00ea ramanek k\u00fbr \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00eenek piral\u00ee ne.<\/p>\n

Wate ji p\u00eadiviyek derdikeve hol\u00ea. Sedema bingeh\u00een, her\u00ee k\u00fbr may\u00eende ye. Ji bo mirovan, ti\u015ft\u00ea watedar ew e ku ji bo may\u00eendeb\u00fbna wan p\u00eaw\u00eest e. M\u00eena hem\u00ee zindiyan, ajokar\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean mirovan, li gor\u00ee gir\u00eengiy\u00ea, xwarin, parastin \u00fb hilberandin in. Her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku van p\u00eadiviyan t\u00ear dike, h\u00easan dike, an r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak dike watedar e. Her per\u00e7eyek agahdar\u00ee \u00fb ved\u00eetin\u00ea ku n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer an berhevkirina xwarin\u00ea h\u00easan dike watedar e. Wek\u00ee gavek duyem\u00een, pi\u015ft\u00ee p\u00eadiviy\u00ean beden\u00ee \u00fb jiyan\u00ee, \u00e7and di war\u00ea watey\u00ea de t\u00ea. Bi gotineke din, pi\u015ft\u00ee ku la\u015f t\u00ear dibe, ti\u015ft\u00ean ku di c\u00eehana watey\u00ea de ji bo ku giyan t\u00ear bibe hewce ne, pa\u015f\u00ea t\u00ean. Ji bo mirov\u00ea yekem, wate p\u00eeroz e, bi p\u00eeroziy\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku wate l\u00ea t\u00ea veqetandin rasterast bi jiyan\u00ea \u00fb domdariya jiyan\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Ne tesaduf e ku roj, av, heywan, erd, nan \u00fb genim di gelek \u00e7andan de p\u00eeroz t\u00eane hesibandin. Taybetmendiyeke din a gir\u00eeng a t\u00eageha watey\u00ea ew e ku ew t\u00eakil\u00eedariyek cehwer\u00ee dihew\u00eene. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin bi t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina ‘ti\u015ftek\u00ee’ ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye \u00fb ‘t\u00eakiliyek’ bi ti\u015ft\u00ea ku t\u00ea f\u00eamkirin re hewce dike. Ji ber v\u00ea taybetmendiy\u00ea, ew di navbera mirovan de c\u00eehek lihevhatin \u00fb hevpariy\u00ea diafir\u00eene. B\u00eay\u00ee afirandina wate \u00fb xeyal\u00ea, mirov nikarin civak\u00ee bibin her \u00e7end ew bi hev re bin j\u00ee.<\/p>\n

R\u00eaxistinkirina klan\u00ea ku forma yekem a civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye, di v\u00ee war\u00ee de h\u00eenker e. Wateya ku klan li dora w\u00ea ava dibe totem e. Totema her klanek\u00ea heye. Totem hem bawer\u00ee ye, hem c\u00eehana watey\u00ea ye \u00fb hem j\u00ee nasnameya klan\u00ea ye. Mirov\u00ean klan\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee pir h\u00easan dij\u00een \u00fb difikirin. Klan p\u00eakateyek kolekt\u00eef e, ew bi awayek\u00ee komunal dij\u00een, di klan\u00ea de takekes\u00eeb\u00fbn tune. L\u00ea tev\u00ee van hem\u00fbyan, mirov\u00ean klan\u00ea hewcedariya afirandina c\u00eehanek watey\u00ea h\u00ees dikin. \u00db ev c\u00eehana watey\u00ea pir h\u00easan \u00fb rasterast e. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku klan wek\u00ee totem\u00ea xwe destn\u00ee\u015fan dike heywanek n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea ye, darek f\u00eak\u00ee ye, an j\u00ee f\u00eegurek dayik\u00ea ye ku ji bo jiyana e\u015f\u00eer\u00ea h\u00eaja t\u00ea hesibandin. Ew sade ye, l\u00ea di wateya xwe de gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

Li vir, xwezaya t\u00eakil\u00ee ya watey\u00ea, gir\u00eadana w\u00ea bi jiyan\u00ea re, bi qas\u00ee aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea gir\u00eadan \u00fb r\u00eawerdan\u00ea gir\u00eeng e. Di raman \u00fb \u015fehrezayiya rojhilata kevnar de, nirxa zan\u00een\u00ea bi gir\u00eadana w\u00ea bi jiyan\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Zan\u00eena ku jiyan\u00ea derbas dike, dest nade w\u00ea, ji bo jiyan\u00ea ne k\u00earhat\u00ee ye, ti nirxek w\u00ea tune. Ev t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftinek zan\u00een\u00ea ye ku ji t\u00eakiliya di navbera xwezaya civak\u00ea \u00fb watey\u00ea de derdikeve \u00fb her \u00e7end qels be j\u00ee, heta roja \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

Ramanwer\u00ean m\u00eena Michel Foucault zan\u00een\u00ea wek\u00ee h\u00eaz anal\u00eez dikin. Ev anal\u00eez di aliyek\u00ee de t\u00eane f\u00eamkirin. Gava ku mirov, ji xwezay\u00ea \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbna azad d\u00fbr ketin, li d\u00fb desthilatdariy\u00ea b\u00fbn, wan zan\u00een\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee bikar an\u00een. Sepandina zan\u00een\u00ea ku ji h\u00eala n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan ve hat\u00ee bidestxistin da ku n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera xwe bigirin, li ser mirovan \u00fb xwezay\u00ea dikare di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de were nirxandin. Bi kurtas\u00ee, her ku mirovah\u00ee xwe ji civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea vediqet\u00eene \u00fb xerab dibe, zan\u00een j\u00ee xerab dibe \u00fb wate j\u00ee xirab dibe. L\u00eabel\u00ea, zan\u00een bi xwezay\u00ee gir\u00eeng \u00fb civak\u00ee ye. Ew h\u00eaza civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea diyar dike. Veguher\u00eena w\u00ea bo \u00e7ekek li dij\u00ee civak\u00ea l\u00eestikek desthilatdariy\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Civak\u00eeb\u00fbn bi r\u00eaya watey\u00ea t\u00ea \u015fekilkirin. Raman ew e ku watey\u00ea hildiber\u00eene \u00fb taybetmendiya diyarker a mirovahiy\u00ea ye. P\u00ea\u015fketina ramana mirovan di heman dem\u00ea de r\u00eaw\u00eetiyek mirovah\u00eekirin \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye bi r\u00eaya p\u00eavajoya \u00e7\u00eakirina watey\u00ea. M\u00eena p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna pergala demar\u00ee \u00fb m\u00eaj\u00ee, ramana mirovan r\u00eayek ji sade ber bi tevlihev ve \u015fopandiye. \u00db her away\u00ea raman\u00ea xwed\u00ee celebek civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye, hevberek abor\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee. Ev e ya ku em dib\u00eajin dema ku em behsa gir\u00eadana jiyan-domdar di navbera raman \u00fb watey\u00ea de dikin.<\/p>\n

Werin em bi kurtas\u00ee qonax\u00ean ku raman di nav wan re derbas dibe binirx\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

A-) Ramana M\u00eemet\u00eek:<\/strong> Her \u00e7end di l\u00eeteratur\u00ea de cihek\u00ee w\u00ea hebe j\u00ee, zahmet e ku meriv di maneya em dizanin de hal\u00ea raman\u00ea p\u00eanase bike. Gir\u00eengiya w\u00ea ji w\u00ea rastiy\u00ea t\u00ea ku ew hi\u015f\u00ea p\u00eavajoya veguheztina ber bi mirovb\u00fbn\u00ea ve \u00eefade dike. Hi\u015f\u00ea M\u00eemet\u00eek hi\u015f\u00ea li s\u00eenor\u00ea h\u00eess\u00ee, ew hi\u015f\u00ea kevnar, ew b\u00easebir e. Ew li gor\u00ee ajoy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean jiyan\u00ea y\u00ean ku di hem\u00ee heywanan de t\u00eane d\u00eetin, wek bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn, parastin \u00fb hilberandin, dixebite. Ev hi\u015f ezm\u00fbn\u00ee ye. L\u00ea ew ezm\u00fbnek h\u00easan e. R\u00eabaza w\u00ea ya bingeh\u00een teql\u00eedkirin e, f\u00earb\u00fbna li ser bingeha teql\u00eed\u00ea ye. Ew ten\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku dib\u00eene fam dike, heya w\u00ea radey\u00ea ku dib\u00eene \u00fb w\u00ea di b\u00eeran\u00een\u00ea de hil\u00eene da ku teql\u00eed bike. Ev hi\u015f\u00ea demek\u00ea ye ku mirov h\u00een bi tevah\u00ee ji curey\u00ean heywanan veqetiyab\u00fbn. Hi\u015f\u00ea M\u00eemet\u00eek kevnar e l\u00ea winda nabe. Ew di mirov\u00ean n\u00fbjen de j\u00ee heye. Ev t\u00eageh di war\u00ea huner\u00ea de j\u00ee t\u00ea bikar an\u00een. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina hunera m\u00eemet\u00eek ew n\u00ear\u00een e ku huner jixwe di xwezay\u00ea de heye \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ea ku wek\u00ee huner t\u00ea kirin ten\u00ea teql\u00eedkirina w\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

B) Ramana M\u00eet\u00eek (m\u00eetoloj\u00eek):<\/strong> M\u00eet\u00eek bi esl\u00ea xwe sembol\u00eek e. Ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek dikare wek\u00ee ramana li ser bingeha sembolan were p\u00eanasekirin. Ev ji \u015fore\u015fek di d\u00eeroka mirovkirin \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de b\u00eatir e; ew diyalekt\u00eeka veguher\u00een\u00ea bi xwe ye. Yekem ramana li ser bingeha razber ku civak\u00eeb\u00fbn gengaz kir, ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek e. Ji ber ku ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek forma yekem a ramana razberiy\u00ea ye \u00fb demek pir dir\u00eaj r\u00eaberiya hi\u015f\u00ea mirovan kiriye, bandorek gir\u00eeng li ser form\u00ean ramana felsef\u00ee, ol\u00ee \u00fb zanist\u00ee y\u00ean pa\u015f\u00ea kiriye. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, div\u00ea \u015fop\u00ean kod\u00ean ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek di c\u00eehana rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee ya \u00eeroy\u00een de ney\u00ean pa\u015fguh kirin.<\/p>\n

Ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek forma raman\u00ea ye ku di d\u00eeroka mirovahiy\u00ea de ji bo demek dir\u00eajtir\u00een serdest b\u00fbye. Bandora w\u00ea dikare li seranser\u00ea be\u015fek pir fireh were d\u00eetin, ji totem\u00ea her\u00ee h\u00easan di \u00e7anda klan\u00ea de bigire heya m\u00eetolojiy\u00ean pir tevlihev, d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee y\u00ean m\u00eetolojiya Sumer-Akad, Medya-Fars\u00ee \u00fb Yewnan\u00ee-Rojavay\u00ee. Her \u00e7end hin anal\u00eez dikarin totem\u00eezm\u00ea ji ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek veqet\u00eenin j\u00ee, totem sembolek e ku veguher\u00eena ramana sembol\u00eek tems\u00eel dike. Ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek \u015f\u00eaweyek\u00ee serdest \u00ea raman\u00ea ye, ji qonax\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ean r\u00eaxistina mirovan di nav p\u00eakhatey\u00ean klan\u00ea de bigire heya avahiy\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb qeb\u00eele, serdema neol\u00eet\u00eek \u00fb heta p\u00eavajoy\u00ean avakirina dewlet\u00ea y\u00ean m\u00eena y\u00ean Sumeriyan. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek hi\u015fmendiya civatek nisbeten azad p\u00eak t\u00eene, ne gir\u00eaday\u00ee desthilatdar\u00ee \u00fb h\u00eaza siyas\u00ee ya hi\u015fk \u00fb mutleq e. Ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek dikare wek\u00ee r\u00eayek raman\u00ea ya d\u00fbr\u00ee aqilmendiy\u00ea were d\u00eetin. Bel\u00ea, aliy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean hestyar\u00ee \u00fb bertek n\u00ee\u015fan didin; l\u00ea ev nay\u00ea w\u00ea watey\u00ea ku ew ne aqilane ye. M\u00eetoloj\u00ee, m\u00eena ol \u00fb zanist\u00ea, efsaney\u00ean afirandin\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixin. Ev efsaney\u00ean afirandin\u00ea ne ku her \u00e7end h\u00easan bin j\u00ee, avahiyek mantiq\u00ee l\u00ea hatiye day\u00een. Nezelal\u00ee ji bo mirovan nay\u00ea tehem\u00fblkirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, pirs\u00ean “ez k\u00ee me, ez \u00e7i me, ez ji ku hatim, ez di\u00e7im ku der\u00ea?” wek\u00ee l\u00eager\u00eena heb\u00fbn\u00ee ya ji bo watey\u00ea ya her mirovek\u00ee ku hewcedariy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean her\u00ee bingeh\u00een, wek\u00ee debara jiyan\u00ea, t\u00ear dike, t\u00eane \u015f\u00eanberkirin. Bersiv di seranser\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea de diguherin, l\u00ea pirs dim\u00eenin. Taybetmendiyek gir\u00eeng a ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek ev e ku ew xwedan avahiyek nerm e, ne x\u00eazek duz an j\u00ee go\u015fey\u00ee. Ziman\u00ea m\u00eetolojiy\u00ea j\u00ee bi v\u00ea nermb\u00fbn\u00ea re zimaneke helbest\u00ee ye. Ew \u015f\u00eawazek hizirkirin\u00ea \u00fb zimanek jiyan\u00ea ye ku bi xwezay\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye ku xweza li wir serdest e. Ji ber nermb\u00fbn-esnekb\u00fbn \u00fb herik\u00eena xwe, ew n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee ramana azad e.<\/p>\n

C) Ramana Ol\u00ee:<\/strong> Ev dikare wek\u00ee ferm\u00eekirin \u00fb dogmat\u00eezekirina ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek were p\u00eanasekirin. Niha, forma bingeh\u00een a raman\u00ea ramana ol\u00ee ye. Aliy\u00ean nerm, herikbar \u00fb d\u00eenam\u00eek \u00ean ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek di ol\u00ea de vediguherin qalib\u00ean raman\u00ea y\u00ean cemid\u00ee. Ziman\u00ea helbest\u00ee vediguhere form\u00ean l\u00eaker\u00ean fermandar. Ev cemidandina raman\u00ea \u00fb veguher\u00eena ziman bo form\u00ean t\u00fbj \u00fb ferman\u00ee b\u00eawate n\u00eene. Ev veguher\u00een di ser\u00ee de bi qada r\u00eaxistina civak\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Her ku r\u00eaxistin\u00ean civak\u00ee mezin dibin \u00fb tevlihevtir dibin, hem ji h\u00eala hejmar\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala kal\u00eet\u00eef ve, sedemek civak\u00ee ya ku dikare rastiya n\u00fb ya sosyoloj\u00eek fam bike hewce ye. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, ol sedema civakek e ku li ser bingeha h\u00eaza navend\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve hat\u00ee organ\u00eezekirin. Ew bingeha rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee, \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb rewakirina civakek e ku li ser bingeha h\u00eaza navend\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve hat\u00ee organ\u00eezekirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew h\u00eaza n\u00fb, monol\u00eet\u00eek e ku di bin sembol\u00ean Xwed\u00ea \u00fb ol\u00ea de hat\u00ee organ\u00eezekirin \u00fb civaka ku tesl\u00eem\u00ee w\u00ea dibe.<\/p>\n

Raman\u00ean ol\u00ee jiyan\u00ea di navbera p\u00eeroz \u00fb nepak de \u00e7ar\u00e7ove dike. P\u00eeroz\u00ee di heman dem\u00ea de argumanta rewakirina modela civak \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ea ya s\u00eawirand\u00ee \u00fb armanckir\u00ee ye. Ramana ol\u00ee ji bo her aliy\u00ea jiyan\u00ea, ji afirandin\u00ea bigire heta mirin\u00ea, r\u00eagez \u00fb p\u00eevan\u00ean berfireh dat\u00eene. Armanca w\u00ea kontrolkirin \u00fb d\u00ees\u00eepl\u00eenkirina civak\u00ea li gor\u00ee berjewendiy\u00ean h\u00eaza ku ew dixwaze p\u00ea\u015f bixe ye. Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku tevna ol\u00ee be\u015fdar\u00ee ramana mirovan dike, r\u00eabazek s\u00eestemat\u00eek a raman\u00ea ye. Ev ramana s\u00eestemat\u00eek bingeha jiyana d\u00ees\u00eepl\u00eenkir\u00ee ya civak\u00ean ol\u00ee ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, zirara ku ew dide dogmat\u00eezm e ku bi s\u00eestemat\u00eezasyon\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ol hi\u015f\u00ea mirovan \u00ea pirsyar, l\u00eapirs\u00een \u00fb l\u00eager\u00een\u00ea seqet dike. Ol ji \u00eed\u00eeakirina rastiya mutleq w\u00eadetir di\u00e7e; ew ferman dike. Peyva Xwed\u00ea daw\u00ee li \u00eeradeya azad \u00fb ramana azad t\u00eene. Rastiya ku ramana ol\u00ee heta roja \u00eero kariye may\u00eendeh\u00ee, heb\u00fbn \u00fb zind\u00eetiya xwe bipar\u00eaze, aliyek ps\u00eekoloj\u00eek heye. Bawer\u00ee bi r\u00eadana mirovan ji nezelaliy\u00ea birevin \u00fb xwe bi \u00e7avkaniyek h\u00eaz\u00ea ve gir\u00eabidin, hewcedariyek pir bingeh\u00een p\u00eak t\u00eene. Mirov nikarin di nezelaliy\u00ea de bij\u00een. Ramana ol\u00ee derfet\u00ea dide mirovan ku bi xwe ve gir\u00eabidin wateyek heb\u00fbn\u00ee bij\u00een. Bawer\u00ee hem\u00ee valahiy\u00ean mezin \u00ean epistemoloj\u00eek \u00fb zanist\u00ee y\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala aliy\u00ean dogmat\u00eek \u00fb y\u00ean wekhev \u00ean ramana ol\u00ee ve hatine afirandin, diguhez\u00eene. Li cih\u00ea ku raman \u00fb bi gelemper\u00ee zan\u00eena ol\u00ee, t\u00eak di\u00e7e, bawer\u00ee serdest dibe. Ne tesaduf e ku ramana ol\u00ee di civak\u00ean ku asta hi\u015fmend\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina zanist\u00ee qels e de xurt \u00fb k\u00fbr e.<\/p>\n

\u00c7awa ku ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek bandor li ramana ol\u00ee kiriye, ramana ol\u00ee j\u00ee bandorek k\u00fbr li ser ramana zanist\u00ee \u00fb bi gelemper\u00ee li ser raman \u00fb t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin\u00ean civak\u00ee kiriye \u00fb berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

D) Ramana Zanist\u00ee:<\/strong> D\u00eeroka ramana zanist\u00ee dikare were \u015fopandin heta t\u00eakiliya dest-hi\u015f a yekem di \u015fekildana kevir de. L\u00eabel\u00ea, bi awayek\u00ee gi\u015ft\u00ee, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku bi ramana zanist\u00ee an serdema zanist\u00ea t\u00ea wateya w\u00ea bi zanista n\u00fbjen ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Ev t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina zanist \u00fb felsefey\u00ea ye ku bi Bacon dest p\u00ea kir \u00fb bi Newton gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe.<\/p>\n

Zanista n\u00fbjen pergalek hilber\u00eena zan\u00een\u00ea ye ku bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean wek\u00ee ceribandin \u00fb \u00e7avd\u00eariy\u00ea t\u00ea p\u00eevandin \u00fb li ser rastiyan ava dibe. Qan\u00fbn ji daney\u00ean zanist\u00ee t\u00eane \u00e7\u00eakirin; ev qan\u00fbn bi taybetmendiy\u00ean wek\u00ee gerd\u00fbn\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb objekt\u00eefb\u00fbn\u00ea t\u00eane veqetandin \u00fb anal\u00eez li ser bingeha wan t\u00eane kirin. Hem\u00ee war, wek\u00ee f\u00eez\u00eek, k\u00eemya \u00fb biyoloj\u00ee, zan\u00een\u00ea bi karan\u00eena heman r\u00eabaz\u00ean zanist\u00ee y\u00ean er\u00ean\u00ee hildiber\u00eenin. Zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fbjen j\u00ee van p\u00eevan\u00ean zanist\u00ee y\u00ean er\u00ean\u00ee wek\u00ee ku ew hene digirin \u00fb wan li gor\u00ee qada civak\u00ee guncav\u00ee dikin \u00fb j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin zanist.<\/p>\n

Ramana zanist\u00ee forma dogmat\u00eek a raman\u00ea ya li ser bingeha dogmay\u00ean ol\u00ee \u00fb texm\u00een\u00ean metafiz\u00eek\u00ee hilwe\u015fandiye. Ev ji bo c\u00eehana raman\u00ea \u015fore\u015fek mezin e. P\u00eanas\u00eena ramana zanist\u00ee wek\u00ee ramanek ku tar\u00eetiya Serdema Nav\u00een ron\u00ee kir \u00fb derbas kir j\u00ee bi v\u00ea aliy\u00ea \u015fore\u015fger ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Bi \u015fore\u015fa zanist\u00ee re, di teknolojiy\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea de gav\u00ean mezin \u00fb n\u00fbjen\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f ketin \u00fb pergala hilber\u00een\u00ea gaveke \u015fore\u015fger\u00ee jiya. Hilber\u00eena mekan\u00eezekir\u00ee pergala civak\u00ee-abor\u00ee bi bingeh\u00een guhertiye. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee aboriya siyas\u00ee ku dewleta netewe ya n\u00fbjen \u00fb pergala abor\u00ee ya kap\u00eetal\u00eest li ser w\u00ea ava b\u00fbye, hatiye avakirin. Gelek rexne li felsefey\u00ean poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest-determ\u00een\u00eest \u00ean li ser bingeha ramana zanist\u00ee \u00fb zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala van felsefeyan ve hatine \u015fekildan, hatine kirin. Felsefey\u00ean poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest-determ\u00een\u00eest, di hin aliyan de, ramana ol\u00ee vedib\u00eajin. Di ol\u00ea de, qan\u00fbn \u015f\u00fbna Xwed\u00ea digire ku faktora diyarker e. Qan\u00fbn \u015f\u00fbna Xwed\u00ea digire, l\u00ea determ\u00een\u00eezm neguher\u00ee dim\u00eene; esl\u00ea w\u00ea wek\u00ee xwe dim\u00eene. P\u00fbt\u00ean la\u00eek \u00ean materyal\u00eest \u015f\u00fbna p\u00fbt\u00ean \u00eedeal\u00eest digirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, em dib\u00eajin ku ‘poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eezm p\u00fbtperestiya her\u00ee mezin e.’<\/p>\n

Di demek\u00ea de ku zanista klas\u00eek h\u00een j\u00ee di asta makro de derbasdariya xwe dipar\u00eaze, f\u00eez\u00eeka kuantum\u00ea e\u015fkere kiriye ku ev qan\u00fbn di m\u00eekro-gerd\u00fbn\u00ea de nederbasdar in \u00fb ya gir\u00eengtir, t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina me ya li ser p\u00eevan\u00ean qan\u00fbna zanist\u00ee bi gir\u00eeng\u00ee n\u00fb kiriye. Guhertinek parad\u00eegmay\u00ea ya bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee di c\u00eehana zanist\u00ee de \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye \u00fb berdewam dike. Ji bo diyarkirina rast a ti\u015ft\u00ea ku l\u00eapirs\u00eena zanist\u00ee p\u00eak t\u00eene, haydarb\u00fbna v\u00ea yek\u00ea p\u00eaw\u00eest e.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, \u00e7i zanista klas\u00eek be, \u00e7i zanista n\u00fbjen be, \u00e7i j\u00ee f\u00eez\u00eeka kuantum\u00ea be, gir\u00eeng e ku dema ku meriv n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee zan\u00eena zanist\u00ee dibe, marj\u00eenek guman\u00ea bih\u00eale. Ji bo hem\u00ee dem \u00fb cihan ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee zan\u00eena mutleq an rastiya mutleq tune ye \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eekatiyek wusa berevaj\u00ee prens\u00eeb\u00ean zanist\u00ee ye. Xweza \u015file ye ango her tim diherike \u00fb her dem diguhere \u00fb vediguhere. Zanist \u00fb ramana zanist\u00ee b\u00ea guman gir\u00eeng in. F\u00eez\u00eeka kuantum\u00ea \u00fb teorem\u00ean kaos\u00ea \u015fore\u015fger in. Di her rew\u015f\u00ea de, n\u00eaz\u00eekb\u00fbna bi pileyek guman\u00ea p\u00eadiv\u00eeyek zanist\u00ee \u00fb sosyoloj\u00eek e. \u00db div\u00ea ney\u00ea jib\u00eerkirin ku hem\u00ee zan\u00een di dawiy\u00ea de berhema hi\u015f\u00ea mirovan e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ew sosyoloj\u00eek e \u00fb ev karakter \u00eediaya objekt\u00eev\u00eeteya mutleq di zan\u00een\u00ea de red dike.<\/p>\n

E) Ramana Felsef\u00ee:<\/strong> Ramana felsef\u00ee nikare di tu qonaxek p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna ramana mirovan de were dan\u00een \u00fb ne j\u00ee dikare bi serdemek diyarkir\u00ee ve were s\u00eenordarkirin. Felsefe bi heb\u00fbn\u00ea ve mij\u00fbl e \u00fb ev away\u00ea raman\u00ea ji dema ku mirov\u00ea yekem pirs\u00ee “heb\u00fbn \u00e7i ye?” an “ez k\u00ee me?” ve heye. Zanist j\u00ee heb\u00fbn\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00een dikin \u00fb li ser w\u00ea pirsan dipirsin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, zanist li ser her aliyek\u00ee heb\u00fbn\u00ea pirsan dipirsin. C\u00fbdahiya bingeh\u00een a felsefey\u00ea ev e ku ew bi heb\u00fbn\u00ea bi xwe ve mij\u00fbl e. Felsefe hem zan\u00eena mirovan a li ser c\u00eehan \u00fb jiyan\u00ea diafir\u00eene \u00fb hem j\u00ee pirsan dike, digel heb\u00fbna heb\u00fbn\u00ea. Felsefe li ser bingeha aqil e. Du taybetmendiy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean bingeh\u00een hene: ew s\u00eestemat\u00eek \u00fb rexnegir e. Ramana felsef\u00ee r\u00eabazek raman\u00ea ya l\u00eapirs\u00eener \u00fb rexnegir e ku bi pirs\u00ean k\u00fbr p\u00ea\u015fve di\u00e7e ne bi bersiv\u00ean ba\u015f. Ramana felsef\u00ee bingeh\u00ean pergal\u00ean raman\u00ea \u00fb pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean t\u00eakildar bi anal\u00eeza rexnegir re dike. Ew b\u00eatir bi t\u00eageh\u00ean wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fniyar, rast\u00ee-derew, fonksiyon, referans \u00fb p\u00eaw\u00eestiy\u00ea re mij\u00fbl dibe.<\/p>\n

C\u00fbdahiyek din di navbera felsefey\u00ea \u00fb zanist\u00ean er\u00ean\u00ee de bi \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya mijara xwe ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Dema ku zanist ti\u015ft\u00ea ku heye l\u00eakol\u00een dike; Felsefe s\u00eenor\u00ean ti\u015ft\u00ea ku heye nas nake; ew bi ti\u015ft\u00ea ku div\u00ea bibe ve mij\u00fbl e. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, ramana felsef\u00ee dikare wek\u00ee \u015f\u00eaweyek raman\u00ea were p\u00eanasekirin ku hem l\u00eager\u00eena rastiy\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee esl\u00ea exlaq\u00ee dihew\u00eene. Ji ber ku ji bil\u00ee aqilmendiya maq\u00fbl bingehek w\u00ea tune ye, ew pir nerm \u00fb afir\u00eener e.<\/p>\n

Texm\u00eena gi\u015ft\u00ee ya ku d\u00eeroka felsefey\u00ea bi Yewnaniyan dest p\u00ea dike, tahr\u00eefkirinek bi zaneb\u00fbn e. Rast e ku \u00e7anda Yewnan\u00ee di felsefey\u00ea de astek\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene, l\u00ea ramana Yewnan\u00ee ji h\u00eala ramana ol\u00ee ve ji Misr\u00ea \u00fb ji h\u00eala ramana felsef\u00ee ve ji Medyay\u00ea s\u00fbd wergirtiye. Bi gotina v\u00ea yek\u00ea, em nab\u00eajin ku ‘\u00e7avkaniya felsefey\u00ea Med in’, l\u00ea bel\u00ea em li ser felsefeya Yewnan\u00ee wek\u00ee xala destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00e7avd\u00eariyek dikin.<\/p>\n

F\u00eelozof\u00ean Yewnan\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een ramanwer\u00ean wek\u00ee Thales, Anaximenes \u00fb Anaximandros b\u00fbn ku wek\u00ee f\u00eelozof\u00ean xwezay\u00ee j\u00ee t\u00eane zan\u00een. Thales ji M\u00eeletus\u00ea b\u00fb. Ew \u00e7\u00fb Misir \u00fb Medyay\u00ea. Felsefeya Yewnan\u00ee ku li perava Egey\u00ea \u015fekil girt, ji Rojhilata Nav\u00een hate xwed\u00eekirin. Li Medyay\u00ea, Zerde\u015ft\u00ee n\u00eev felsefe b\u00fb. Ev raman, ku li ser t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena di navbera ronah\u00ee \u00fb tariy\u00ea de ye, di bingeh de diyalekt\u00eek e. Yewnaniyan van n\u00ear\u00eenan girtin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015f xistin. Platon yek ji j\u00eahat\u00eey\u00ean d\u00eeroka felsefey\u00ea ye. Ber\u00ee w\u00ee, Thales \u00fb y\u00ean din bi mijar\u00ean xwezay\u00ee re mij\u00fbl b\u00fbn. Herakle\u00eetos, bi gotina “her ti\u015ft diguhere”, ji diyalekt\u00eek\u00ea haydar b\u00fb \u00fb felsefeya w\u00ee gir\u00eeng e. Sokrates bi mijar\u00ean civak\u00ee re mij\u00fbl b\u00fb. Bandora Platon pir xurttir e; w\u00ee felsefeya Forman p\u00ea\u015fxist. Pi\u015ftre Ar\u00eestoteles t\u00ea, l\u00fbtkeya felsefeya Yewnan\u00ee. Mant\u00eeq \u00fb arguman\u00ean felsef\u00ee y\u00ean ku w\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistiye, bi sedsalan felsefey\u00ea r\u00eaber\u00ee kirin. Ar\u00eestoteles her wiha mamostey\u00ea \u00ceskender\u00ea Mezin b\u00fb \u00fb serkeftin\u00ean mezin \u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee y\u00ean \u00ceskender nikarin ji h\u00eenkirin\u00ean mamostey\u00ea w\u00ee y\u00ea f\u00eelozof serbixwe werin hesibandin.<\/p>\n

Hegel di p\u00ea\u015fengiya j\u00eahat\u00eey\u00ean felsef\u00ee y\u00ean serdema n\u00fbjen de ye. Ramana diyalekt\u00eek ber\u00ee Hegel j\u00ee heb\u00fb; Zerde\u015ft\u00eet\u00ee m\u00eenakek v\u00ea yek\u00ea ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, Hegel, bi fenomenolojiy\u00ea, aliyek n\u00fb dide diyalekt\u00eeka xwezay\u00ea. Engels, di “Diyalekt\u00eeka Xwezay\u00ea” de, d\u00eetin\u00ean xwe li gor\u00ee zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee adapte kir \u00fb anal\u00eezek felsef\u00ee ya pir serket\u00ee ya civak\u00ea bi dest xist. Sedema ku Marks\u00eezm di civak\u00ea de dengvedanek ewqas xurt d\u00eet ev diyalekt\u00eeka ku ji h\u00eala Engels ve hat\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fve xistin e. N\u00eaz\u00eektir\u00ee roja \u00eeroy\u00een, kevne\u015fopiya felsef\u00ee ya Alman heye ku bi ramanwer\u00ean m\u00eena Heidegger, Dibistana Frankfurt\u00ea \u00fb di dem\u00ean daw\u00ee de, f\u00eelozof\u00ean Frans\u00ee bi l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean xwe y\u00ean li ser mijar\u00ea, xwe-y\u00ea din \u00fb t\u00eageh\u00ean wekhev berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

R\u00eaw\u00eetiya ramana mirovan dikare bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee were kurtkirin. Form\u00ean raman\u00ea y\u00ean ku em l\u00eakol\u00een dikin – m\u00eemet\u00eek, m\u00eet\u00eek, ol\u00ee, zanist\u00ee \u00fb felsef\u00ee – hem\u00ee kod\u00ean b\u00eahempa hildigirin. Gir\u00eeng e ku were zan\u00een ku ev hem\u00ee form\u00ean raman\u00ea bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne; ew nikarin bi tevah\u00ee ji hev werin veqetandin. Raman diyalekt\u00eek e; form\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean Rojhilat\u00ee an Rojavay\u00ee, zanist\u00ee an felsef\u00ee p\u00eakhatey\u00ean heman \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea ne. Heta \u00eero j\u00ee, em aqil\u00ea m\u00eemet\u00eek bikar t\u00eenin. Em ji m\u00eetolojiyan f\u00ear dibin \u00fb ya gir\u00eeng hi\u015fmendiya v\u00ea diyalekt\u00eeka raman\u00ea ye. Biyan\u00eeb\u00fbn heya w\u00ea ast\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadibe ku diyalekt\u00eeka raman\u00ea winda dibe. Ger civak\u00eeb\u00fbn li ser \u00e7\u00eakirina watey\u00ea be, w\u00ea hing\u00ea ramana biyan\u00eekir\u00ee ferd\u00ee ji xwezaya wan a civak\u00ee d\u00fbr dixe.<\/p>\n

2- Civak\u00eeb\u00fbn et\u00eek\u00ee (exlaq\u00ee) \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di c\u00eehana zanist\u00ee de, qan\u00fbn p\u00eevana zanist\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb objekt\u00eefb\u00fbn\u00ea ye. Di zanista klas\u00eek de, qan\u00fbn wek\u00ee pejirandinek b\u00ea guman t\u00ea hesibandin. Qan\u00fbna zanist\u00ea, m\u00eena peyva Xwed\u00ea, b\u00ea guman e; ew ber\u00ea bi ceribandin \u00fb \u00e7avd\u00eariy\u00ea hatiye \u00eespatkirin. Dijberiya p\u00eevanek \u00eesbatkir\u00ee neaqilane \u00fb nay\u00ea qeb\u00fblkirin.<\/p>\n

Di rew\u015fa yekem a xwezay\u00ea de, dikare were pejirandin ku rew\u015fa qan\u00fbna zanist\u00ee di c\u00eehana f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee de derbasdar e. Bi rast\u00ee, ki\u015fandina erd\u00ea diyardeyek e. S\u00eavek ji \u015fax\u00ea dikeve erd\u00ea. Qan\u00fbna ki\u015fandin\u00ea rastiyek zelal e. Qan\u00fbn\u00ean t\u00eakildar\u00ee tevger \u00fb p\u00eavajoy\u00ean k\u00eemyew\u00ee rast in.<\/p>\n

Zanista kuantum\u00ea gelek n\u00fbjen\u00ee aniye asoy\u00ean me, wek\u00ee rastiya ku tewra di rew\u015fa xwezay\u00ea de, nemaze di m\u00eekro-c\u00eehan\u00ea de, rew\u015fa qan\u00fbn\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea nikare li ser bingeh\u00ean mutleq were dan\u00een. Tewra di rew\u015fa xwezay\u00ea de j\u00ee, t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina zanist\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ya li ser bingeha qan\u00fbn\u00ean hi\u015fk ne her gav derbasdar e.<\/p>\n

Zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fbjen \u00eed\u00eea dikin \u00fb hewl didin ku qan\u00fbn\u00ean zanista er\u00ean\u00ee bi civak\u00ea re biguher\u00eenin wek\u00ee ku ew hene. Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea, civak di rew\u015fa yekem a xwezay\u00ea de vediguhere her heb\u00fbneke mad\u00ee. Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea perspekt\u00eef\u00ea, ji bo refaha civak\u00ee \u00fb azadiy\u00ea, civak hewce ye ku li gor\u00ee p\u00eevan\u00ean zanista er\u00ean\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve were r\u00eaxistinkirin. Ev t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftin ku \u00eed\u00eea dike ku dizane \u00e7i ji bo civak\u00ea \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een e, hewl dide ku w\u00ea ji jor ve bi r\u00eaya endezyariya civak\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve r\u00eaxistin bike. Dema ku ew t\u00eak di\u00e7e, ew ser\u00ee li ferzkirin, zor \u00fb tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea dide, wek\u00ee di modela dewleta netewey\u00ee de, da ku nasnameyek n\u00fb \u00fb yekane biafir\u00eene. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, bi nav\u00ea zanist\u00ea, ew prens\u00eeb\u00ean exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee y\u00ean civak\u00ea, karakter\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea nehevseng \u00fb c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean ku watey\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadikin hilwe\u015f\u00eenin. Di bin nav\u00ea zanista civak\u00ee de, civak\u00eeb\u00fbn t\u00ea hilwe\u015fandin. Bi v\u00ea watey\u00ea, zanist\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fbjen ji zanist\u00ee b\u00eatir avahiy\u00ean \u00eedeoloj\u00eek in. Erka wan ew e ku civak\u00ea li gor\u00ee modela dewleta netewey\u00ee ya kap\u00eetal\u00eest r\u00eaxistin bikin. Armanc ne azadiya civak\u00ee \u00fb qenciya hevpar e; ew e ku civak\u00ea veguher\u00eenin girseyek b\u00eawate, b\u00ea nasname, bi h\u00easan\u00ee \u00eestismarkir\u00ee ku d\u00ea bibe sedema hilwe\u015f\u00eena w\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Di asta civak\u00ee de j\u00ee hin tedb\u00eer hene. Prens\u00eeb\u00ean exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee, karakter\u00ea nehevseng \u00fb c\u00eehana watey\u00ea di nav wan de ne. Me mirov wek\u00ee tevah\u00eeyek mad\u00ee \u00fb giyan\u00ee p\u00eanase kiriye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, civak avahiyek tevlihev \u00fb nerm e ku bi riya raman \u00fb watey\u00ea heb\u00fbna xwe bi dest dixe, ji mirov \u00fb nasnamey\u00ean pir c\u00fbda p\u00eak t\u00ea – bi gotineke din, avahiyek pir-subjekt\u00eef. Di bingeh de, civak ne diyardeyek e ku di xwezay\u00ea de wek\u00ee xwe dim\u00eene; ew avah\u00ee ye \u00fb ji bo guhertin\u00ea vekir\u00ee ye. Wek\u00ee din, ew avahiyek e ku ten\u00ea bi riya guhertin\u00ea dikare hebe.<\/p>\n

Ma qan\u00fbn\u00ean xwezaya seretay\u00ee dikarin ji bo xwezaya civak\u00ee j\u00ee derbas bibin? Heb\u00fbna qan\u00fbnan di xwezaya seretay\u00ee de mijarek n\u00eeqa\u015fbar e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ji bo xwezaya civak\u00ee, qan\u00fbn dibin meyl. Xeletiya her\u00ee bingeh\u00een a Marks sepandina w\u00ee ya bilez a qan\u00fbn\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea y\u00ean Darwin di biyolojiy\u00ea de li ser civak\u00ea b\u00fb. Marks got, “Di civak\u00ea de j\u00ee qan\u00fbn hene,” \u00fb w\u00ee j\u00ea re got “qan\u00fbna materyal\u00eest a d\u00eeyalekt\u00eek-d\u00eerok\u00ee.”<\/p>\n

Poz\u00eet\u00eevizm, bi awayek\u00ee, sosyolojiya ku Marks j\u00ee p\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee b\u00fb ye. Poz\u00eet\u00eezm dib\u00eaje, “Ez ji metafiz\u00eek\u00ea derbas dibim”; ew ant\u00ee-metafiz\u00eek\u00ee ye. Ew her weha civak\u00ea bi qan\u00fbn\u00ean zanist\u00ea vedib\u00eaje. Ew dib\u00eaje, “Qan\u00fbn\u00ean xwezay\u00ea ji bo civak\u00ea j\u00ee derbas dibin”; ev hem di Marks \u00fb hem j\u00ee di Durkheim de heye. Li gor\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eekatiy\u00ean metafiz\u00eek\u00ee, poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eezm p\u00ea\u015fketineke mezin e. L\u00eabel\u00ea, \u015f\u00eaweyek\u00ee tund \u00ea poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eezm\u00ea j\u00ee xwe n\u00ee\u015fan daye ku pir xeternak e \u00fb dikare bibe sedema fa\u015f\u00eezm \u00fb komun\u00eezmeke sexte.<\/p>\n

Mirov di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya xwezay\u00ea de xwed\u00ee esl\u00ea xwe y\u00ea sereke ne. Mirov ji madeya xwezay\u00ea derdikevin. Bi rast\u00ee, xwezaya civak\u00ee j\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea rave dike. Mirov civak\u00ea diafir\u00eenin \u00fb civak mirovan diafir\u00eene. Z\u00eehniyet\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean li ser xwezaya civak\u00ee mijara xwezaya duyem\u00een in. Di xwezaya duyem\u00een de qan\u00fbn tune ne. C\u00fbdahiya bingeh\u00een a kal\u00eet\u00eef ev e ku di xwezaya duyem\u00een de meyl hene, ne qan\u00fbn. Ji n\u00fb ve p\u00eanasekirina sosyolojiy\u00ea mijarek e ku ten\u00ea dikare bi tevah\u00ee li ser xwezaya s\u00eayem\u00een p\u00ea\u015f bikeve. Gelo mirov dikarin metafiz\u00eek\u00ee bin? Ev j\u00ee bi xwezaya duyem\u00een \u00fb s\u00eayem\u00een ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Nay\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin ku mirov b\u00eay\u00ee metafiz\u00eek\u00ea nikarin hebin. Ev et\u00eek, huner \u00fb heta zanist\u00ea j\u00ee dihew\u00eene. Mijara zanist \u00fb metafiz\u00eek\u00ea balk\u00ea\u015f e. Zanist bawer dike ku ew bi tevah\u00ee xwezay\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide \u00fb rave dike. Ji h\u00eala din ve, metafiz\u00eek avahiyek e. Bi rast\u00ee, ramana metafiz\u00eek\u00ee ramanek avaker e. Ramana zanist\u00ee, wek\u00ee ku nav\u00ea w\u00ea diyar dike, berevaj\u00ee ramana avaker e.<\/p>\n

Civak li gor\u00ee qan\u00fbn\u00ean hi\u015fk naxebite \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea li gor\u00ee qan\u00fbn\u00ean hi\u015fk nay\u00ea nirxandin. Li ser asta civak\u00ee, meyl rolek gir\u00eengtir ji qan\u00fbnan dil\u00eezin. Eger em behsa rew\u015fek qan\u00fbn\u00ee bikin, ew ten\u00ea dikare wek\u00ee qan\u00fbn\u00eeb\u00fbnek nerm were hesibandin. Tu qan\u00fbn nikare rastiya diyardeya ku ew p\u00ea re mij\u00fbl dibe pa\u015fguh bike. Ger civak xwed\u00ee karakterek avah\u00eesaziy\u00ea ya tevlihev \u00fb nerm be ku gelek p\u00eakhate hene, k\u00eamkirina w\u00ea bo qan\u00fbn\u00ean hi\u015fk d\u00ea nezanist\u00ee be. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, zanyar\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fbjen ji kesayet\u00ean ol\u00ee dogmat\u00eektir in, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea nikarin ji p\u00fbtperestiya n\u00fbjen w\u00eadetir bi\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Qan\u00fbn\u00ean f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ea nikarin li gor\u00ee civak\u00ea werin adaptekirin. Rew\u015fa qan\u00fbn\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea di asta civak\u00ee de nerm e. Ev nermb\u00fbn di karakter\u00ea avakirina civak\u00ee de xwezay\u00ee ye. Her rew\u015f an ferzkirinek berevaj\u00ee, nav\u00ea w\u00ea \u00e7i dibe bila bibe, zirar\u00ea dide civak\u00eeb\u00fbna azad.<\/p>\n

Mirov bi h\u00eaza raman\u00ea xwe ji xwezay\u00ea cuda dikin \u00fb ew bi r\u00eaya \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean watey\u00ea y\u00ean ku ew bi v\u00ea h\u00eaza raman\u00ea diafir\u00eenin civak\u00ee dibin. Hilber\u00eena wate \u00fb xeyal\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee bingeha civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene. L\u00ea ev wate \u00e7i ye \u00fb hevsengiya gir\u00eeng a hilber\u00eena watey\u00ea \u00e7i ye? Bersiva v\u00ea pirs\u00ea dikare bi ber\u00e7avgirtina p\u00eadiviy\u00ean jiyana bi hev re were day\u00een. Jiyana bi hev re li ser nirx \u00fb berpirsiyariy\u00ean hevpar lihevkirinek hewce dike. \u00c7ar\u00e7oveya ku v\u00ea lihevkirin\u00ea diyar dike exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ye. Ev \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean watey\u00ea ne ku qeb\u00fblkirin \u00fb redkirina hem\u00ee p\u00eakhatey\u00ean ku civak\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eenin dihew\u00eene. Ev p\u00eevana exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ne ten\u00ea bi \u015fekildana aliy\u00ea giyan\u00ee y\u00ea jiyana mirovan, yek\u00eet\u00ee, hi\u015fmendiya hevpar \u00fb ps\u00eekolojiya w\u00ea ve s\u00eenordar e; ew di heman dem\u00ea de r\u00ea\u00e7a ku p\u00eadiviy\u00ean prat\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean jiyan\u00ea t\u00eane bic\u00eehan\u00een, bi gotineke din, \u00e7alakiya w\u00ea ya abor\u00ee-siyas\u00ee, r\u00eave dibe. Jiyana hevpar mekan\u00eezmay\u00ean biryargirtin\u00ea y\u00ean kolekt\u00eef \u00fb pergal\u00ean hilber\u00een-xerckirina kolekt\u00eef hewce dike ku n\u00ee\u015faney\u00ean xwezaya w\u00ea ya siyas\u00ee ne.<\/p>\n

Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, civak b\u00eay\u00ee exlaq \u00fb siyaset\u00ea nay\u00ea fikir\u00een. \u00c7awa ev t\u00eageh bi watey\u00ea t\u00eane dagirtin dibe ku di asta nuwaze de c\u00fbda bibe, l\u00ea ew her gav \u00fb li her der\u00ea derbasdar in. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, prens\u00eeba bingeh\u00een a civak\u00ea dikare wek\u00ee prens\u00eebek exlaq\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee were p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirin.<\/p>\n

Em digih\u00eejin v\u00ea encam\u00ea: Civak heb\u00fbnek nehevseng \u00fb vekir\u00ee ye ku ji mirov \u00fb nasnamey\u00ean c\u00fbda p\u00eak t\u00ea. C\u00fbdah\u00ee prens\u00eebek p\u00eaw\u00eest e ji bo civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee c\u00fbdahiy\u00ean civak\u00ee, nirx\u00ean hevpar, exlaq an wate nirxek wan tune. Wek\u00ee din, b\u00eay\u00ee nasname \u00fb mijar\u00ean c\u00fbda, civak tune. Di rew\u015fa her\u00ee ba\u015f de, ew ten\u00ea dikare bibe keriyek. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ferzkirina yekrengiy\u00ea li ser civak\u00ea fa\u015f\u00eezm e. Bi rast\u00ee, ew ne fa\u015f\u00eezm e j\u00ee; yekreng\u00ee ji bo civak\u00ea b\u00eamirovkirin e, ew z\u00eehniyeta ker\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

Xwezaya civak\u00ee ya azad \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya t\u00eakiliy\u00ean gi\u015ft\u00ee ye ku tevna xwe ya exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee dipar\u00eaze, c\u00fbdahiyan di nav yek\u00eet\u00ee \u00fb berjewendiy\u00ean hevpar de dipar\u00eaze\u00fb ji her nasname an mijar\u00ea re derfet\u00ea dide ku xwe p\u00ea\u015f bixe. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, em dikarin binp\u00eakirin an neb\u00fbna van p\u00eevan \u00fb prens\u00eeban, an j\u00ee yek ji wan, wek\u00ee pirsgir\u00eakek civak\u00ee an pirsgir\u00eak p\u00eanase bikin.<\/p>\n

3- Pirsgir\u00eaka Yekem di Civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de \u00fb Rastiya Jinan<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00ea zan\u00een ku xwezaya civak\u00ee bi giran\u00ee jin e. Zay\u00eena zarokan di jinan de \u00e7\u00eadibe, jin bi keda xwe civak\u00ea diafir\u00eenin \u00fb dibin damezr\u00eener\u00ean xwezaya civak\u00ee. Fikra xwedawend\u00ea ji nezan\u00eena m\u00ear a li ser rola zay\u00een\u00ea \u00fb rastiya ku zay\u00een di jinan de \u00e7\u00eadibe derdikeve hol\u00ea \u00fb ew bi rola jin\u00ea wek\u00ee avakera civak\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Bi t\u00eageh \u00fb perspekt\u00eef\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een ne mimk\u00fbn e ku p\u00eakhatin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee werin f\u00eamkirin. Ji bo xwendinek rast, div\u00ea em t\u00eakiliya di navbera dem, cih \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ea de pa\u015fguh nekin. Ne tesaduf e ku peyker\u00ean ku di kolandin\u00ean arkeoloj\u00eek de hatine d\u00eetin \u00fb d\u00eeroka wan vedigere dem\u00ean her\u00ee kevin, f\u00eegur\u00ean jinan in. Ev daney\u00ean ku cih \u00fb rola jinan di civak\u00eeb\u00fbna yekem de n\u00ee\u015fan didin in. Hema hema hem\u00ee peyker bi heman perspekt\u00eef\u00ea hatine \u00e7\u00eakirin: perspekt\u00eefek ku giraniy\u00ea dide zik\u00ean mezin, memik\u00ean mezin \u00fb organ\u00ean hilberandin\u00ea t\u00ea pejirandin. Ev mijar taybetmendiy\u00ean gir\u00eeng in ku rola jin\u00ea wek\u00ee dayikek ku zarokan t\u00eene \u00fb xwed\u00ee dike n\u00ee\u015fan didin.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea de, t\u00ea f\u00eamkirin ku jin wek\u00ee heb\u00fbnek “p\u00eeroz” t\u00ea d\u00eetin ku zarok t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea \u00fb jiyan\u00ea dide, \u00fb organ\u00ean wan \u00ean bi zarokb\u00fbn \u00fb xwarin\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee t\u00eane tekez kirin. P\u00eeroz\u00ee, ji ber aliy\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean semant\u00eek, di civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de cihek\u00ee pir gir\u00eeng digire. L\u00eabel\u00ea, rola jin\u00ea di civak\u00eeb\u00fbna destp\u00eak\u00ea de ne ten\u00ea bi berhemdariya w\u00ea ve s\u00eenordar e. Ji her perspekt\u00eef\u00ea ve, rastiyek nay\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin e ku civak\u00eeb\u00fbna destp\u00eak\u00ea di navbera dayik \u00fb zarok de p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ew jin e ku zarok neh mehan di zik\u00ea xwe de hildigire, bi \u015f\u00eer\u00ea ku pi\u015ft\u00ee zay\u00een\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadike w\u00ee xwed\u00ee dike, \u00fb di tevahiya zaroktiy\u00ea de w\u00ee dipar\u00eaze \u00fb l\u00ean\u00ear\u00een\u00ea dike. Ew jin e ku f\u00ear\u00ee zarok dike ka \u00e7awa bij\u00ee, zan\u00eena p\u00eaw\u00eest peyda dike, wan perwerde dike \u00fb dih\u00eale ku ew be\u015fdar\u00ee civak\u00ea bibin. Saziyek wek\u00ee “bav\u00eet\u00ee” tune. Bihesib\u00eenin v\u00ea yek\u00ea, meriv dikare texm\u00een bike ku di jiyana klana dayiksalar\u00ee de, rola jin\u00ea wek\u00ee perwerdekar, mamoste \u00fb civak\u00eeker di tevahiya jiyan\u00ea de berdewam dike, her \u00e7end bi taybetmendiy\u00ean c\u00fbda be j\u00ee. M\u00ear ne li dervey\u00ee v\u00ea civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye, l\u00ea ew ne di navenda w\u00ea de ye j\u00ee. Ew li derdor\u00ea ye; rola w\u00ee duyem\u00een e.<\/p>\n

Gelek caran t\u00ea gotin ku dabe\u015fkirina kar m\u00ear ber bi n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea \u00fb jin ber bi berhevkirina nebat \u00fb ajal\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk ve bir. Ev nay\u00ea gotin ku di hem\u00fb civakan de bi awayek\u00ee kategor\u00eek rast e. Bi rast\u00ee, civak\u00ean bi n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ean jin \u00ean pir j\u00eahat\u00ee hatine ke\u015fifkirin, an j\u00ee berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea. L\u00eabel\u00ea, bi gelemper\u00ee rast e ku veqetandinek wusa heye. T\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ft\u00ee ye ku n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer, ku carinan veqetandina ji klan an j\u00ee dem\u00ean d\u00fbrb\u00fbn\u00ea hewce dikir, di dabe\u015fkirina kar de ket para m\u00ear.<\/p>\n

Ji aliyek\u00ee ve, berhevkirin \u00fb ji aliy\u00ea din ve, bi berdewam\u00ee tevl\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb ser\u00ea jiyana klan de, dest\u00fbr da \u00fb heta ferz kir, rola jin\u00ea wek\u00ee h\u00eamanek damezr\u00eener a civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea di war\u00ea aqil, t\u00eakiliya bi xwezay\u00ea re \u00fb t\u00eakiliy\u00ean mirovan de. Jin li dora xwe zimanek p\u00ea\u015f dixe, \u00e7andek diafir\u00eene \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea hildiber\u00eene. Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, jin bi mot\u00eevasyonek t\u00eakildar\u00ee jiyan \u00fb domandina jiyan\u00ea di war\u00ea \u00e7and\u00ee de entegre dibe.<\/p>\n

Di r\u00eaxistinkirina klan\u00ea de, m\u00ear ne di navenda civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de ye l\u00ea li derdora w\u00ea ye. Di dabe\u015fkirina kar de, n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer bi piran\u00ee dikeve ser mil\u00ea m\u00ear. N\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer karek e ku \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean xwe y\u00ean taybet\u00ee hene. Carinan ji bo n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea r\u00eaw\u00eetiy\u00ean dir\u00eaj t\u00eane kirin. P\u00eadiv\u00ee bi may\u00eena \u015fev\u00ea li dever\u00ean n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea heye. Ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng, n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer li ser ku\u015ftin\u00ea ye. Di t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een de, ev wek\u00ee “ku\u015ftina ji bo jiyan\u00ea” t\u00ea d\u00eetin, ew rewa \u00fb exlaq\u00ee ye. N\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ee \u00e7ekan hewce dike \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fxistina \u00e7ekan p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye. Ew sazkirina l\u00eestik \u00fb dafikan hewce dike. N\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera heywan\u00ean mezin plansaziyek ku gelek kesan t\u00ea de be\u015fdar dibe hewce dike. Ev t\u00ea wateya c\u00eehanek ku ten\u00ea ji m\u00earan p\u00eak t\u00ea. \u00c7alakiy\u00ean wek\u00ee may\u00eena bi hev re di r\u00eaw\u00eetiy\u00ean dir\u00eaj de \u00fb \u00e7\u00eakirina planan bi hev re dibin sedema avakirina klubek m\u00earan. Dema ku meriv bifikire ku ev celeb hilber\u00een, t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00fb \u015f\u00eawaza jiyan\u00ea bi deh hezaran salan berdewam kiriye, e\u015fkere ye ku ew \u00e7awa dikare adet, hi\u015fmend\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7and biafir\u00eene. N\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ea m\u00ear hin yek\u00eeney\u00ean taybet\u00ee hene; ew n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera heywanan dikin \u00fb heke biserkevin, ew \u015fahiyek li dar dixin. Li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea, klubek bi nav\u00ea biratiya m\u00earan ku ji \u00e7end heval\u00ean n\u00eaz\u00eek p\u00eak t\u00ea, t\u00ea damezrandin.<\/p>\n

Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee m\u00ear stratej\u00ee \u00fb takt\u00eek\u00ean ku\u015ftin\u00ea, \u00e7ek\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee, h\u00eaza la\u015f\u00ee \u00fb ps\u00eekolojiya ku ku\u015ftin\u00ea normal dike bi dest dixe. Ev hem\u00fb di heman dem\u00ea de ji bo r\u00eaziknameya civak\u00ee xetereyek potansiyel \u00e7\u00eadike. Li Karahantepe, f\u00eegur\u00ean taz\u00ee hene ku di her war\u00ee de cins\u00eeyeta m\u00earan bilind dikin \u00fb ev di keviran de hatine kolandin. N\u00ear dib\u00eaje, “Niha ez kontrol dikim, ne tu!” Bi piran\u00ee, \u00e7andek serdestiy\u00ea li ser zayenda jin\u00ea, \u00e7andek xweday\u00ea m\u00ear, li wir derketiye hol\u00ea. Tol li dij\u00ee yek zayend\u00ea hatiye girtin, jenos\u00eedek li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee hatiye kirin. \u00c7anda li Karahantepe v\u00ea yek\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide. \u00ceht\u00eemala ku ev peyker bermahiy\u00ean jenos\u00eeda li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee ne pir z\u00eade ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, bi hezaran sal ber\u00ee w\u00ea, ola xwedawenda navend\u00ee ya jin\u00ea \u00e7anda serdest b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di ved\u00eetin\u00ean li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (Gobeklitepe) de ku xwed\u00ee d\u00eerokek 12,000 sal\u00ee ye, organa cins\u00ee ya m\u00ear pir berbi\u00e7av e, hetta p\u00eeroz e, ji erd\u00ea ber bi as\u00eeman ve t\u00ea bilind kirin \u00fb wek\u00ee serwer\u00ea erd \u00fb as\u00eeman t\u00ea ragihandin. P\u00eeroziya ku ji berhemdariya jin\u00ea hatiye girtin xuya dike ku veguheziye organa cins\u00ee ya m\u00ear. Li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea (G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepey\u00ea) f\u00eegur\u00ean jinan tune ne. Jin bi piran\u00ee bi erd\u00ea re t\u00eane nas kirin \u00fb xuya ye ku hatine betal kirin. \u015e\u00eaweya navend\u00ee \u00fb gilover a gir \u00fb f\u00eegur\u00ean ku di v\u00ea navend\u00ea de hatine bic\u00eehkirin, nasnameya jinan bi erd\u00ea re n\u00ee\u015fan didin. Ji bo m\u00earan, kurteya rew\u015fa v\u00ea xala d\u00eerok\u00ea ev e: h\u00eaza ku\u015ftin\u00ea bi r\u00eaya n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea heye, digel tekn\u00eek, stratej\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7and \u00fb aqil\u00ea t\u00eakildar. Niha, desteserkirina p\u00eeroziy\u00ea li v\u00ea yek\u00ea t\u00ea z\u00eadekirin. Sembol\u00eezma Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku ber\u00ee d\u00eeroka van bermayiyan, m\u00earan\u00ee hatiye p\u00eerozkirin \u00fb avahiyek li dora m\u00earan \u00fb di bin fermana wan de hatiye avakirin. Avahiy\u00ean li vir wek\u00ee bertekek li dij\u00ee jinan \u00fb klana jinan a serdest derketine hol\u00ea. Bi r\u00eaya v\u00ea sembol\u00eezm\u00ea, m\u00ear ji jinan re dib\u00eajin, “Tu ne ya p\u00eeroz \u00ee, ez im.” \u00db bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee, p\u00eeroziya ku ber\u00ea ji jinan re dihat day\u00een t\u00ea desteser kirin \u00fb r\u00eaziknameya civak\u00ee ya ku bi dest \u00fb keda jinan p\u00ea\u015fketib\u00fb, di bin serdestiya m\u00ear de t\u00ea xistin.<\/p>\n

Hem veguher\u00eena ji \u00e7andeke civak\u00ee ya ku ji h\u00eala jinan ve serdest b\u00fb ber bi serdestiya m\u00ear ve yekem car li Mezopotamyay\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena di navbera m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de di v\u00ea serdema veguh\u00eaz de di m\u00eetolojiy\u00ean Mezopotamyay\u00ea de \u00e7\u00eatir\u00een t\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fandan \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00eenkirin.<\/p>\n

M\u00eeta \u00cenanna-Enk\u00ee ya her\u00ee ba\u015f t\u00ea zan\u00een. Enk\u00ee xweday\u00ea j\u00eer \u00ea Er\u00eedu ye, ku serdestiya m\u00ear tems\u00eel dike. Dema ku Enk\u00ee y\u00ea j\u00eer \u00fb diz nirx\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean a\u00eed\u00ee jinan desteser dike, xwedawenda \u00cenanna ya Uruk\u00ea mudaxele dike. Me qan\u00fbna civak\u00ee tems\u00eel dike. \u00cenanna ji Enk\u00ee re dib\u00eaje, “Te M\u00ea min diz\u00ee,” \u00fb hewl dide ku wan veger\u00eene. Ev t\u00eako\u015f\u00een ku li dora berxwedana jinan e, heya Bab\u00eel\u00ea berdewam dike \u00fb di destana Enuma Eli\u0161 de j\u00ee t\u00ea xuyang kirin. P\u00eavajoya diz\u00eena nirx\u00ean civak\u00ee ji jinan bi Tewrat\u00ea ku ew j\u00ee li Bab\u00eel\u00ea hatiye niv\u00eesandin, berdewam dike. \u00cebran\u00ee \u00e7anda m\u00earan a Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea ji Urfay\u00ea dibin Bab\u00eel\u00ea \u00fb ji wir j\u00ee dibin Mekke \u00fb Or\u015fel\u00eem\u00ea. Ev \u00e7and \u00fb d\u00eerok, 15,000 sal ber\u00ea, ji van gir\u00ean kevir\u00ee ber bi Mezopotamyaya J\u00ear\u00een, Uruk, Ur, Bab\u00eel, Er\u00eedu; \u00fb ji wir j\u00ee ber bi Misir, geliy\u00ean \u00cendus \u00fb Harappa ve belav b\u00fbye.<\/p>\n

Niha e\u015fkere ye ku ev r\u00ea\u00e7a d\u00eerok\u00ea ye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, mijara ku j\u00ea re “\u00e7anda Xwedawenda MA” t\u00ea gotin ne ti\u015ftek e ku meriv bi sivik\u00ee bigire. Gelek ti\u015ft li ser hatine niv\u00eesandin \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin, l\u00ea ravekirinek serket\u00ee nehatiye bidestxistin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, zimanek sosyoloj\u00eek dikare w\u00ea rave bike. Ziman\u00ea sosyoloj\u00eek \u00eeht\u00eemalek ji bo ravekirin\u00ea peyda dike. Ew behsa p\u00ea\u015f\u00een\u00ean di d\u00eerok\u00ea de dike. Ev erdn\u00eegar\u00ee hem navenda \u00e7anda e\u015f\u00eer\u00ea ya dayik-jin-navend\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee \u00e7anda ku m\u00ear serdest e ye. Koka w\u00ea li vir e. Heta Serdema Nav\u00een j\u00ee, ev navend b\u00fb. Amer\u00eeka, Ewropa, Asya tuneb\u00fbn; ev navend b\u00fb. \u015eer\u00ea her\u00ee mezin \u00ea li dij\u00ee jinan bi m\u00eetolojiya Yewnan\u00ee dest p\u00ea dike. Vegotinek sembol\u00eek ji bo v\u00ea yek\u00ea heye. \u015eikestinek mezin \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Serdema di navbera 1000 BZ \u00fb 500 BZ de serdema serdestiya Zeus e. Zeus bi qas\u00ee ku dib\u00eene jinan dixap\u00eene \u00fb tecawiz dike. B\u00eay\u00ee ku bingeha meseley\u00ea were ravekirin, vegotina \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean weha pir ramanwer e. Her ti\u015ft ji bo sosyolojiyek derew\u00een hatiye kirin. Ev rew\u015f e\u015fkere dike ku l\u00eager\u00eena rastiy\u00ea k\u00eam e.<\/p>\n

Yekem \u015fikestin \u00fb yekem binp\u00eakirina prens\u00eeb\u00ean civak\u00ee di d\u00eerok\u00ea de di t\u00eakiliya di navbera m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Pirsgir\u00eaka sereke bi nakokiya di navbera h\u00eaman\u00ean n\u00ear \u00fb m\u00ea y\u00ean di civak\u00ea de dest p\u00ea dike. F\u00eegur\u00ean xwedawendan \u00ean 30,000 sal\u00ean daw\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku temen\u00ea xwedawenda jin hatiye jiy\u00een. Hatiye destn\u00ee\u015fankirin ku serdemek wisa li seranser\u00ea Avrasyay\u00ea, ji Ewropaya Rojava bigire heya Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00fb Afr\u00eekay\u00ea heb\u00fbye. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, xwedawendb\u00fbn t\u00ea \u00e7i watey\u00ea? Gir\u00eeng e ku meriv f\u00eam bike ku jidayikb\u00fbn ji bo jinan di curey\u00ea mirovan de c\u00fbda ye. Hem\u00ee l\u00eakol\u00een n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku hilber\u00eena nebatan, dabe\u015fkirina \u015faneya yekem, bi h\u00easan\u00ee \u00e7\u00eadibe. Di heywanan de, nif\u015f \u00e7\u00eadibin \u00fb di nav b\u00eest \u00fb \u00e7ar demjim\u00earan de radibin. Hin dir\u00eajtir, hin kurttir digirin, l\u00ea jidayikb\u00fbnek h\u00easan \u00fb mezinb\u00fbnek h\u00easan heye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, dema ku em digih\u00eejin curey\u00ea mirovan, rew\u015fek balk\u00ea\u015f \u00e7\u00eadibe; jidayikb\u00fbn dijwar e, \u00fb pitikek mirov\u00ee nikare bi tena ser\u00ea xwe p\u00eanc an \u015fe\u015f salan b\u00eay\u00ee pi\u015ftgiriya dayik\u00ea bij\u00ee. B\u00eest \u00fb \u00e7ar demjim\u00ear di heywanan de di mirovan de heya heft salan dir\u00eaj dibe. Ev rew\u015f avahiyek civak\u00ee li dora dayik\u00ea hewce dike. N\u00ear \u00e7i ye ne diyar e. Ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee t\u00eakiliyek di navbera nif\u015f \u00fb n\u00ear de tune. Jin \u00fb m\u00ear \u00e7awa cara yekem hevdu nas kirin? Hem mirov \u00fb hem j\u00ee heywan xwed\u00ee meyl\u00ean cins\u00ee ne. Meyla cins\u00ee yek ji meyl\u00ean bingeh\u00een e, m\u00eena bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea. Meyl hi\u015fmend\u00ee ne, n\u00ee\u015fan\u00ean jiyan\u00ea ne. B\u00eay\u00ee hesta bir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea, t\u00earkirin tune ye, ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea jiyan tune ye; b\u00eay\u00ee meyla cins\u00ee, hilberandin tune ye, \u00fb b\u00eay\u00ee hilberandin\u00ea, jiyan tune ye. Dayika ku zarokan t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea t\u00ea zan\u00een, l\u00ea bav tune ye, saziya bavtiy\u00ea tune ye. Heta hi\u015fmend\u00ee tune ye ka cins\u00eeyet bi k\u00ea re an \u00e7awa t\u00ea damezrandin; ten\u00ea meyl heye.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, \u00e7and\u00eeb\u00fbna rast\u00een li geliy\u00ean Toros-Zagros p\u00eak t\u00ea. Li vir, mirov dibin mirov, \u00fb jin dibin dayika avakirina civak\u00ea. Jin zarok t\u00eene dinyay\u00ea \u00fb mezin dike. \u00c7awa ku kur \u00fb ke\u00e7\u00ean ji heman dayik\u00ea, ku bi hev re mezin dibin, hevdu nas dikin, dayik xwi\u015fk \u00fb biray\u00ean xwe \u00fb yek an du xizm\u00ean m\u00eena ap \u00fb xalt\u00eekan nas dike. Bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea, \u00e7andek dest p\u00ea dike, civatek ji 7, 10, an 15 kesan ava dike. Ev civak, ku ji 20 kesan derbas nabe, klanek\u00ea ava dike.<\/p>\n

Klan di d\u00eeroka civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de yekem \u015f\u00eaweya r\u00eaxistin\u00ee ye. Klan \u00e7andek e ku li dora dayik\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadibe. Dema ku avahiya lar\u00eenk\u00ea guncaw dibe, diyardeya bi nav\u00ea ziman, ku xwed\u00ee d\u00eerokek n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee 300,000 salan e, j\u00ee derdikeve hol\u00ea, \u00fb veguher\u00eena ji ziman\u00ea \u00ee\u015faretan bo ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek p\u00eak t\u00ea. Ramana m\u00eetoloj\u00eek \u00fb ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek di dawiy\u00ea de li v\u00ea erdn\u00eegariya ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin H\u00eelala Bereket derdikevin hol\u00ea. Prens\u00eeba klan\u00ea bi away\u00ea tunekirina klana dijber an j\u00ee heya dawiy\u00ea berxwedan\u00ea ji bo heb\u00fbn \u00fb zind\u00eeman\u00ea dibe gir\u00eeng. Ev prens\u00eeb bi sed hezaran salan t\u00ea \u015fopandin. Ew bi away\u00ea teq\u00eenek \u00e7and\u00ee ya mezin vediguhere \u015faristaniyek\u00ea. Gund-bajar, \u00fb bi w\u00ea re \u00e7\u00eena dewlet\u00ea, p\u00ea\u015f dikevin.<\/p>\n

Xirabre\u015fk (Gobekl\u00eetepe) cih\u00ea jidayikb\u00fbna \u015faristaniya dewlet-esas e. Xirabre\u015fk-Gobekl\u00eetepe \u015faristaniyek e; \u015faristaniyek ku bi hezaran salan dom kir \u00fb li ser erdn\u00eegariyek pir fireh belav b\u00fb. Ew pir k\u00fbr kok digire \u00fb cih\u00ea jidayikb\u00fbna \u015faristaniya dewlet-esas e. Qurbaniy\u00ean mirovan \u00fb prat\u00eek\u00ean Neol\u00eet\u00eek \u00ean bi zor\u00ea kar\u00ea wan in. Di v\u00ea serdem\u00ea de ku mirov di nav e\u015f\u00eeran de dijiyan, wan pi\u015ftrast dikir ku m\u00ear wek\u00ee koleyan \u00fb jin di hilber\u00een\u00ea de li \u00e7iyay\u00ean Qerejdax\u00ea t\u00eane xebitandin. Koletiya jinan vedigere w\u00ea dem\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina w\u00ea serdem\u00ea, ne gengaz e ku meriv f\u00eam bike ka koletiya jinan \u00e7awa p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Veguhestina bo serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek\u00ea ne wek\u00ee encamek p\u00eavajoy\u00ean dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200ban xwezay\u00ee p\u00eak hat, wek\u00ee ku pir caran t\u00ea fikir\u00een \u00fb gotin. Ew bi tevah\u00ee b\u00fbyerek bi zor\u00ea b\u00fb, dij-\u015fore\u015fek b\u00fb. Kes d\u00ea ji bo hilbijartina jiyanek wusa dijwar dev ji jiyanek azad \u00fb serfiraz berneda. Ko\u00e7er dikarin hewcedariy\u00ean xwe ji xwezay\u00ea bi c\u00fbrbec\u00fbr nebat \u00fb heywanan, \u00fb bi hewildanek pir k\u00eam, peyda bikin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, veguhastina bo jiyana bic\u00eehb\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7andiniy\u00ea ne bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bji ber pirb\u00fbn \u00fb hilber\u00een\u00ea, l\u00ea bi zor\u00ea p\u00eak hat. Megal\u00eet\u00ean li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea pa\u015f\u00ea li Mekkey\u00ea veguherin xweday\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee. Xirabre\u015fk cih \u00fb perestgeha xwedawenda yekem a m\u00ear di d\u00eerok\u00ea de ye. P\u00fbt\u00ean li Kabey\u00ea guhertoy\u00ean xerab\u00fby\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00fbt\u00ean li Xirabre\u015fk\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

Jin her ti\u015ft\u00ee nav dike, wek dayikek\u00ea l\u00ean\u00ear\u00eena zarok\u00ean xwe dike \u00fb wan xwed\u00ee dike. Dayik li vir faktora diyarker e. Ew e ku her ti\u015ft\u00ee dide dinyay\u00ea. Raman bi r\u00eaya ziman mimkun e; raman ziman p\u00ea\u015f dixe, \u00fb ziman j\u00ee raman\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixe. Afir\u00eener\u00ea ziman j\u00ee jina dayik e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, heb\u00fbna afir\u00eener xwedawenda dayik\u00ea ye. Ev p\u00ea\u015fketin li Mezopotamyay\u00ea derdikevin hol\u00ea. Perestgeh\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een perestgeh\u00ean xwedawendan in ku li ser jinan navend\u00ee ne. Ev perestgeh di avakirina civaka n\u00fb de rolek serdest dil\u00eezin. Perestgeh\u00ean xwedawendan hem cih\u00ean p\u00eeroz \u00fb hem j\u00ee y\u00ean afir\u00eener in. Daketina jinan ji xwedawendiy\u00ea ber bi fuh\u00fb\u015f\u00ea ve, an j\u00ee veguher\u00eena ji \u00e7anda xwedawendiy\u00ea ber bi \u00e7anda fuh\u00fb\u015f\u00ea ve, di d\u00eerok\u00ea de cihek\u00ee pir gir\u00eeng digire. Di destan\u00ean m\u00eetoloj\u00eek \u00ean wek\u00ee Gilgamesh \u00fb Enuma Eli\u0161 a Bab\u00eel\u00ee de vegotin\u00ean pir zelal hene. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, encama ku em digih\u00eejin ev e ku civak\u00eeb\u00fbnek navend\u00ee ya jin\u00ea heb\u00fb. Her wiha pirsgir\u00eakek li ser bingeha parastina h\u00eaman\u00ean jin \u00fb m\u00earan heye. Bingeha v\u00ea yek\u00ea li vir pir bi xurt\u00ee hatiye dan\u00een. Hem\u00ee del\u00eel\u00ean arkeoloj\u00eek n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku ked\u00eekirina heywan \u00fb nebatan li van axan dest p\u00ea kiriye. Em nikarin Marks s\u00fbcdar bikin ji ber ku di dema w\u00ee de di v\u00ee war\u00ee de tu l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean tuneb\u00fbn \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean civaka Sumer\u00ee h\u00een derneketib\u00fbn hol\u00ea. Marks d\u00eerok\u00ea bi \u00e7\u00een\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, pirsgir\u00eak bi avakirina \u00e7\u00een\u00ea dest p\u00ea nake, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea d\u00eerok bi avakirina \u00e7\u00een\u00ea dest p\u00ea nake. D\u00eerok li dora civak\u00eeb\u00fbna jinan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Pirsgir\u00eak bi \u015faristaniy\u00ea, bi jidayikb\u00fbna baj\u00ear digih\u00eeje l\u00fbtkey\u00ea, \u00fb li vir j\u00ee, n\u00ee\u015fana jinan heye. Uruk yekem dewlet-bajar e, \u00e7\u00eena yekem e. Destana Gilgam\u00ea\u015f hem\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fan\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea dide. Ew b\u00fb destanek ji ber ku ew \u015ferek\u00ee mezin b\u00fb. Ew yekem destana niv\u00eesk\u00ee ya mirovahiy\u00ea ye, \u00fb di nav v\u00ea yekem de, bi sedan yekem hene. Afirandina \u00e7\u00een\u00ea, afirandina dewlet\u00ea, \u00fb afirandina h\u00eaz\u00ea destp\u00eak\u00ean bi bandor in ku r\u00ea\u00e7a d\u00eerok\u00ea diguher\u00eenin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, xwedawenda damezr\u00eener a bajar\u00ea Uruk\u00ea Inanna ye. Peyva Ninhursag, “Ninna,” j\u00ee ji w\u00ea t\u00ea. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ev xwedawendiya navend\u00ee ya jin\u00ea, ola xwedawend\u00ea, bilindb\u00fbna li ser bingeha civak\u00eeb\u00fbna jinan diyar dike. Xwedawend naxwaze cih\u00ea xwe bide xwedayek\u00ee m\u00ear; Ew ku\u015ftina m\u00ear\u00ea ku bi w\u00ea re “yek\u00eetiyek p\u00eeroz” heye, misoger dike. L\u00eakol\u00een dib\u00eajin ku ev “p\u00eadiviyek zewaca p\u00eeroz” e. Ev p\u00eeroz\u00ee li ser ola xwedawenda jin e. Xwedawenda dayik naxwaze h\u00eazek navend-m\u00ear an xwedayek m\u00ear bi r\u00eaya zewac\u00ea derkeve hol\u00ea, bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee nasnameya xwedawenda xwe n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Dumuzzi ev\u00eendar\u00ea Inanna ye, l\u00ea d\u00eesa j\u00ee, ew w\u00ee dikuje \u00fb di\u015f\u00eene c\u00eehana bin\u00ea erd\u00ea. Ev qa\u00eede ye. Jin dizane ku d\u00ea \u00e7i bibe ger ew cih\u00ea xwe bide xwedayek m\u00ear. Bi rast\u00ee, em v\u00ea yek\u00ea di Destana Bab\u00eel\u00ee de dib\u00eenin. Dema ku xwedawenda Inanna li dora 4000 BZ li bajar\u00ea Uruk h\u00eazek mutleq b\u00fb, \u00fb r\u00fbmeta xwedawendiya mutleq \u00fb zewaca p\u00eeroz serdest b\u00fb, Gilgamesh hewl da ku di her gav\u00ea de bireve. P\u00eeroziya w\u00ea ewqas bilind b\u00fb ku kesek m\u00eena Gilgamesh dileriz\u00ee. Di meras\u00eem\u00ean bereket\u00ea de r\u00eetuelek cins\u00ee ya e\u015fkere j\u00ee heb\u00fb. M\u00eetoloj\u00ee van zewac\u00ean p\u00eeroz wek\u00ee meras\u00eem\u00ean bi heybet vedib\u00eaje. \u00db m\u00ear\u00ea bi h\u00eaz ku w\u00ea yek\u00eetiy\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene roja din t\u00ea ku\u015ftin. L\u00eager\u00eena Gilgamesh ji bo nemiriy\u00ea bi v\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Zilam dixwaze jiyana xwe xilas bike. Li gor\u00ee w\u00ea ol\u00ea, xwedawenda bajar\u00ea Uruk\u00ea gelek ke\u015f\u00ee\u015f\u00ean m\u00ear hene. Serdesteke jin heye, ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin xwedawend, ku di perestgeh\u00ea de ke\u015f\u00ee\u015f\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean dilsoz hene. Ew her kes\u00ea ku dixwaze hildibij\u00eare, zewacek p\u00eeroz bi wan re dike, \u00fb roja din qurbaniyek m\u00ear t\u00ea day\u00een. Gilgamesh, dizane ku ew \u00ea were qurbankirin, direve \u00fb dib\u00eaje, “Min hilnebij\u00eare.” Planeke w\u00ee ya yekem \u00fb duyem a rev\u00ea heye. Wisa dixuye, her car\u00ea ew t\u00ea girtin \u00fb vedigerin. L\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee ku rastiyek berbi\u00e7av \u00e7\u00eadibe, ku di destan\u00ea de bi e\u015fkere nehatiye gotin, jiyana w\u00ee t\u00ea xilaskirin. \u00c7awa jiyana w\u00ee hatiye xilaskirin ne diyar e \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00een hewce dike. Ji ber ku xilaskirina jiyana w\u00ee di war\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fkeftina d\u00eerok\u00ee de b\u00fbyerek gir\u00eeng e, Destana Gilgamesh \u015fikil digire. C\u00fbdahiya Gilgamesh ev e ku ew \u00ead\u00ee ne mirovek\u00ee ku t\u00ea ku\u015ftin e. Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku ew \u00ead\u00ee mirovek\u00ee ku t\u00ea ku\u015ftin nabe, ev destan \u015fikil digire. Ew li ser keviran t\u00ea kolandin, li ser kerp\u00ee\u00e7an t\u00ea niv\u00eesandin, \u00fb serdemeke m\u00earaniy\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike ku heta roja \u00eero j\u00ee berdewam dike. Ji sala 4000 ber\u00ee zay\u00een\u00ea heta sala 2000 ber\u00ee zay\u00een\u00ea, di serdema Bab\u00eeliyan de, rew\u015fa \u00e7and\u00ee ya serdest h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee ber bi m\u00ear ve di\u00e7e. M\u00ear v\u00ea perestgeha jinan a bilind digire ser xwe. Gilgamesh la\u015ffiro\u015fek di\u015f\u00eene cem Enkidu. Enkidu bi \u00eeht\u00eemaleke mezin proto-kurdek ji wan \u00e7iyayan e. Ev destanek e, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de \u00e7andeke bidestxistina m\u00earek bi r\u00eaya la\u015ffiro\u015fek n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Ew jin\u00ea dixemil\u00eenin \u00fb xemilandin. Perestgeh, ku jin\u00ean her\u00ee bijart\u00ee l\u00ea dim\u00eenin, pi\u015ft\u00ee ku dikeve bin kontrola m\u00earan, vediguhere kerxaneyek\u00ea. Li bajar\u00ea Uruk\u00ea perestgehek jinan heye, ku em dikarin w\u00ea bi kerxaneyek\u00ea roja \u00eeroy\u00een re bi\u015fib\u00eenin. Veguher\u00eenek ji perestgehek\u00ea bo kerxaneyek\u00ea heye. W\u00ea dem\u00ea, j\u00ea re “Musakattin” digotin, \u00fb ev civak\u00eeb\u00fbnek ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest e. Ev h\u00een j\u00ee di her rew\u015f\u00ea de diyar e. Di destan\u00ea de, Enkidu bi pesn\u00ea mezin wek\u00ee zilamek ji \u00c7iyay\u00ean Zagros\u00ea hat\u00ee an\u00een, bi k\u00eaman\u00ee bi qas\u00ee Gilgamesh bih\u00eaz t\u00ea wesifandin. Bi rast\u00ee, Gilgamesh b\u00eay\u00ee w\u00ee nikare bij\u00ee. Ew zilam\u00ea ku baj\u00ear dipar\u00eaze ye. Dema ku ew dimire, Gilgam\u00ea\u015f j\u00ee xwe mir\u00ee dib\u00eene. Ew dib\u00eaje, “Tu \u00e7awa mir, ev karesat \u00e7awa bi ser\u00ea te hat?” Perestgeha jinan veguheriye musakattinek\u00ea, \u00fb kontrola m\u00ear\u00ea li \u00e7iyayan bi r\u00eaya jinek\u00ea hatiye desteserkirin. Gilgam\u00ea\u015f niha li ser text radibe. Ew heta dibe hem xweda \u00fb hem j\u00ee pad\u00ee\u015fah. Ji bo xwe…<\/p>\n

\u00c7awa ku le\u015fker ji Kurdan t\u00eane wergirtin da ku art\u00ea\u015feke dilsoz a m\u00earan ava bikin, bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee \u00e7iyager digirin \u00fb w\u00ee bi fahi\u015feyeke perestgeh\u00ea re dikin yek. Zilam di du-s\u00ea rojan de t\u00ea \u015fikandin. Ew dib\u00eaje, “Ez \u00ea careke din venegerim \u00e7iyayan.” Ji w\u00ea roj\u00ea heta \u00eero, bingeha v\u00ea saziy\u00ea, ku civak\u00ea xera dike, jinan k\u00eam dike \u00fb m\u00earan dixe rew\u015fa her\u00ee xirab, hatiye dan\u00een. Ev j\u00ee bingeha Destana Gilgam\u00ea\u015f e. Xweday\u00ea baviksalar-n\u00ear hatiye anal\u00eezkirin. Ya gir\u00eeng li vir ev e ku em \u00e7awa ji \u00e7anda xwedawendan derbas\u00ee \u00e7anda xwedawend-n\u00ear b\u00fbn. Destana Bab\u00eel\u00ee \u00fb vegotina mezin a Tewrat\u00ea gir\u00eeng in. Serdestiyeke m\u00ear a tirsnak heye. Ti\u015ft\u00ean ku di Inc\u00eel\u00ea de hatine vegotin hene, Meryem heye, ti\u015ft\u00ean ku di Quran\u00ea de hatine gotin hene, l\u00ea kok li vir e. Ger perspekt\u00eefa zanist\u00ee di sosyolojiy\u00ea de were tekez kirin, dibe ku gengaz be ku van ti\u015ftan werin gotin. Di encam\u00ea de, cudahiya di navbera ruh \u00fb madey\u00ea, v\u00ea dinyay\u00ea \u00fb jiyana pi\u015ft\u00ee mirin\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Ev j\u00ee bi \u00e7anda li vir ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Hin ti\u015ft ji Afr\u00eekay\u00ea dihatin zan\u00een, l\u00ea ziman\u00ea sembol\u00eek li vir teqiya. \u00cefadeya berbi\u00e7av a v\u00ea yek\u00ea di kult\u00ean xwedawend-xwedawendan de t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Cudah\u00eeya di navbera made \u00fb ruh, ruh \u00fb la\u015f de, ku h\u00een j\u00ee di \u00e7anda me de pir xurt e, li vir p\u00eak t\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Pirsgir\u00eaka jin\u00ean pirsgir\u00eakdar bi bingeh\u00een dikare di bin sernav\u00ea sereke y\u00ea “jin \u00fb jin\u00ean pirsgir\u00eakdar” de were l\u00eakol\u00eenkirin. Ev rast\u00ee nay\u00ea \u00eenkarkirin ji ber ku bandora w\u00ea bi tund\u00ee t\u00ea h\u00eeskirin. M\u00ear \u00e7awa b\u00fbn m\u00ear? \u00c7anda xwedawend-dayik\u00ea \u00e7awa veguher\u00ee olek ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest b\u00fb? Pi\u015ft\u00ee serdema xwedawend\u00ean jin, p\u00eavajoya \u00eestismara jinan a li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee \u00fb avakirina pergala kast\u00ea bi r\u00eaya \u015f\u00eedeta qirkirin\u00ea ya ku ji h\u00eala pergala kast\u00ea ve t\u00ea kirin p\u00eak hat. Ev di Tewrat\u00ea de t\u00ea xuyang kirin; t\u00eageha mal \u00fb malbat\u00ea di Cih\u00fbtiy\u00ea de kok\u00ean xwe di Tewrat\u00ea de digire. Werin em li Tewrat\u00ea bin\u00earin; dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirina jinan di mal\u00ea de \u00e7awa t\u00ea vegotin? Zerde\u015ft bingeha v\u00ea dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirin\u00ea dan\u00ee; Cih\u00fbyan ew ji Zerde\u015ft li Bab\u00eel\u00ea wergirtin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee bingeha saziya malbata p\u00eeroz t\u00ea dan\u00een. Gir\u00eadana jinan bi mal\u00ea \u00fb zewac\u00ea re heman ti\u015ft\u00ee t\u00ea wateya. Jin, ku wek\u00ee b\u00fbkan hatine xemilandin \u00fb xemilandin, di mal\u00ea de t\u00eane girtin. Di Inc\u00eel\u00ea de, ev di rola ke\u015f\u00ee\u015f \u00fb rahiban de t\u00ea xuyang kirin. Di \u00ceslam\u00ea de, saziya harem\u00ea di dema serdestiya Muawiye \u00fb pa\u015f\u00ea li \u00cemperatoriya Osman\u00ee de gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe. Esas\u00ea van hem\u00fb vegotinan n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku pirsgir\u00eaka civak\u00ee ji dabe\u015fkirina ked\u00ea di navbera zayendan de derdikeve. Dabe\u015fkirina ked\u00ea di navbera zayendan de pi\u015ft\u00ee qonaxek diyarkir\u00ee \u015fax dibe. Ev \u00e7i ye? Kultek xwedawend p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ew \u00e7andek pir bi h\u00eaz e, hem ji h\u00eala mad\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala manew\u00ee ve. Ew bi salan dom dike \u00fb div\u00ea ney\u00ea k\u00eam nirxandin. Kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan j\u00ee dibe sedema p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna \u00e7andek m\u00eena ya ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest e. Ew bi n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera domdar a ajalan xwe xwed\u00ee dikin. Kar\u00ea n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ee ye. Ev adetek, kesayetiyek, \u00e7andek diafir\u00eene. Pi\u015ft\u00ee qonaxek diyarkir\u00ee, komb\u00fbna li dora dayik\u00ea dibe \u00e7avnebar. Gelek nebat hene, jin\u00ea \u00e7avkan\u00ee kom kirine, kulubeyek w\u00ea heye, \u00fb ew zarok\u00ean xwe dixebit\u00eene. Hin xort klan\u00ea dipar\u00eazin. Ev zilam ne bav e l\u00ea “ap” e, \u00fb ew di heman dem\u00ea de xizmek xw\u00een\u00ea ye ku bi dayik\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Xalt\u00eek j\u00ee heye. Dema ku qonaxek diyarkir\u00ee ya gih\u00ee\u015ftin\u00ea t\u00ea gih\u00ee\u015ftin, kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan j\u00ee li k\u00ealeka wan e; bi rast\u00ee, ew hema hema bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Dema ku civaka matriarchal serdestiy\u00ea bi dest dixe, kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan a ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve hat\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakirin t\u00ea teng kirin. Ne pir n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer maye, an j\u00ee heke ew bixwazin j\u00ee, ew nikarin pir z\u00eade hilber\u00eenin. Ew di debara xwe bi go\u015ft de zehmetiyan diki\u015f\u00eenin. Her wiha, kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervanan bi ku\u015ftin\u00ea dixebite. \u00cero, ev veguheriye art\u00ea\u015f\u00ean netewey\u00ee. Am\u00fbr \u00fb takt\u00eek\u00ean ku\u015ftin\u00ea ji wir derdikevin. Ev taybetmendiya kujer\u00ean kast\u00ea ne. Ew her roj heywanan dikujin. Ew gelek go\u015ft dixwin, tekn\u00eeka wan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve; tekn\u00eek\u00ean ku\u015ftina wan wan pir bi h\u00eaz dike. Kujer bi h\u00eaz e. Bi taybet\u00ee heke ew kl\u00fbbek be, kastek be, ew p\u00eeroz \u00fb b\u00eadest\u00fbr dibe. Kast civak in ku newekhev\u00ee bi qan\u00fbn\u00ee t\u00ea pejirandin. Kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea “xwediy\u00ea mutleq, efendiy\u00ea mutleq” e.<\/p>\n

Em niha zelaltir dib\u00eenin ka \u00e7awa kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ea m\u00ear, di nav civaka Neol\u00eet\u00eek de ku wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftinek \u015fore\u015fger t\u00ea d\u00eetin, bi gavek mezin a dij-\u015fore\u015fger r\u00ea li ber koletiya jinan vekir, \u015ferek zayend\u00ee da destp\u00eakirin. Derket hol\u00ea ku ne wek\u00ee Gordon Childe diyar kiriye b\u00fb. Ji bo ku Neol\u00eet\u00eek p\u00eak were, \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan a ji kujer\u00ean kast\u00ea p\u00eak dihat bi tevah\u00ee p\u00eaw\u00eest b\u00fb. B\u00eay\u00ee grev, b\u00eay\u00ee dij-\u015fore\u015fek, ji aliy\u00ea kluba kast-n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan ve li dij\u00ee avahiya civak\u00ee ya e\u015f\u00eer\u00ee ya bi p\u00ea\u015fengiya jinan, civakek Neol\u00eet\u00eek a bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee nedikar\u00ee ava bibe. Nim\u00fbneya her\u00ee ba\u015f a v\u00ea yek\u00ea G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe ye. G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe \u00fb Karahantepe b\u00eay\u00ee \u00e7anda kast\u00ea nedikar\u00een werin avakirin. Ten\u00ea \u00e7andeke m\u00ear\u00ean p\u00eeroz \u00fb bav \u00fb kal\u00ean xweday\u00ee dikare ti\u015ftek\u00ee m\u00eena Karahantepe biafir\u00eene. Wek\u00ee din ne mimkun e.<\/p>\n

Jin nebatan berhev dikin. M\u00ear n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer dikin \u00fb zindiyan dikujin. \u015eer ku\u015ftina zindiyan e. Ku\u015ftina heywanan ku\u015ftin e. Away\u00ea ku jin avahiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean civak\u00ee li dora tov\u00ean nebatan ava dikin mijarek bi tevah\u00ee c\u00fbda ye. Yek ji wan veguheriye civaka qirker a hey\u00ee, l\u00ea ya din h\u00een j\u00ee hewl dide ku civak\u00ea li ser piyan bih\u00eale. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, \u00e7anda parastina civak\u00ea li ser sosyolojiyek\u00ea ye ku li dora jinan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Civatek ku li ser \u015fer \u00fb talan\u00ea ye, civatek ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve t\u00ea serdest kirin e. Bala w\u00ea ya sereke nirxa z\u00eade ye. Ger derfetek ji bo nirxa z\u00eade derkeve hol\u00ea, ger jin nebatan berhev bike an j\u00ee dab\u00eenkirina xwarin\u00ea z\u00eade bike, m\u00ear \u00e7av\u00ea xwe li ser w\u00ea dat\u00eene. M\u00ear n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eera heywanan dikin, l\u00ea ew xwarina ku jin berhev dikin j\u00ee desteser dikin. Ew hem xwarin\u00ea \u00fb hem j\u00ee jin\u00ea desteser dikin. \u00c7\u00eerok bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee dest p\u00ea dike.<\/p>\n

Li ser bingeha v\u00ea kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan \u00fb ezm\u00fbna n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea, m\u00ear \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee avahiy\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean jinan dikin. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak dest p\u00ea dike. Ew pir belav e, nemaze li Urfay\u00ea. Zilam\u00ea bi h\u00eaz her roj bi riya zewac\u00ea dikuje. Ev gelemper\u00ee ye, \u00fb ew her gava ku bixwaze jinan dikuje. \u00cero, di navbera bajar \u00fb gund de c\u00fbdah\u00ee tune. Di navbera Urfa \u00fb Stenbol\u00ea de j\u00ee ti cudah\u00ee tune. Dibe ku li Stenbol\u00ea b\u00eatir belav be. Asta niha ya pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean malbat\u00ee ji van zewacan \u00fb \u015f\u00eawey\u00ea zewac\u00ea bi xwe derdikeve. Malbata p\u00eeroz efsaneyek e. Ti\u015ftek wek\u00ee malbateke p\u00eeroz tune. Jin\u00ean ku di mal\u00ea de as\u00ea mane, rast\u00ee atmosfereke koletiya mezin t\u00ean. Ev jin nikare tehem\u00fbl bike, diteqe \u00fb m\u00ear l\u00ea dixe. Rojname tij\u00ee \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee ne. Ji hezar jinan yek li m\u00ear\u00ean xwe naxe, l\u00ea ji sed\u00ee nod \u00fb neh m\u00ear li jinan dixin. K\u00ee dikare v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00eenkar bike? P\u00eadiv\u00ee bi dur\u00fbtiy\u00ea tune; her ti\u015ft e\u015fkere ye.<\/p>\n

Di encam\u00ea de, pirsgir\u00eak ji guher\u00eena rol\u00ean jin \u00fb m\u00earan derdikeve hol\u00ea, ne ji \u00e7\u00een\u00ea. Ew pirsgir\u00eakek bingeh\u00een e. Me di Destana Gilgam\u00ea\u015f de li n\u00ee\u015fanan geriya, me di civaka Sumer\u00ee de li bingeh\u00ean w\u00ea geriya. Pi\u015ftre di qonax\u00ean pa\u015f\u00een \u00ean dabe\u015fb\u00fbna dewlet, bajar \u00fb \u00e7\u00een\u00ea de gih\u00ee\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe. Di Tewrat \u00fb Quran\u00ea de gelek m\u00eenak hene. Ve\u015fartina G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe j\u00ee dikare kiryarek m\u00earan be. Wek\u00ee ramanek, em dikarin bib\u00eajin ku ev dikare l\u00eestikek serdestiya m\u00earan be j\u00ee. G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe \u00e7andek berbelav e. Di navbera \u00e7em\u00ean D\u00eecle \u00fb Firat\u00ea de z\u00eadetir\u00ee 200 xirbe hene. Li Karahantepe, serdestiya m\u00earan bi awayek\u00ee zelal di asta serdestiya cins\u00ee de t\u00ea xuyang kirin. Ev peyker\u00ean m\u00earan j\u00ee hatine veguhastin Hindistan \u00fb Misr\u00ea. Ji civakek ku her\u00ee k\u00eam 30,000 sal li dora jinan p\u00ea\u015fketiye, veguher\u00eenek heye ber bi serdestiya m\u00earan. Flora \u00fb faunaya Mezopotamyaya Jor\u00een pir dewlemend e. Ev rew\u015f li dora Karacada\u011f\u00ea ye. Ceh \u00fb genim li dora Karacada\u011f\u00ea dihatin \u00e7andin. M\u00eeh \u00fb bizin li vir dihatin ked\u00eekirin. Ew her\u00eamek e ku baran dibare. Ev li dever\u00ean din \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea pir s\u00eenordar e. Li vir, baran \u00fb ax ahengek mezin n\u00ee\u015fan didin. \u00db dewlemendiya nebat \u00fb heywanan dibe sedema teq\u00eenek hilber\u00een\u00ea. Nebat \u00fb heywan pir in. H\u00fbn dikarin bi qas\u00ee ku h\u00fbn dixwazin n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan an j\u00ee berhevkar bin. Li vir, berhevkirin li dora jinan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve, l\u00ea n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer li dora m\u00earan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Di dawiy\u00ea de, nakok\u00ee derdikeve hol\u00ea. M\u00ear n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan e \u00fb \u00e7ekek w\u00ee heye. Nakok\u00ee bi obs\u00eedyen \u00fb kevir\u00ea \u00e7akil \u00e7\u00eadibe. \u00c7ek h\u00een j\u00ee li dora G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepey\u00ea hene. Obs\u00eedyen \u00e7ekek t\u00fbj e \u00fb am\u00fbra bazirganiy\u00ea ya her\u00ee biq\u00eemet e. Ev k\u00ear\u00ea t\u00fbj di dest\u00ea m\u00ear de am\u00fbrek n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea ye, \u00fb ew her kes\u00ee p\u00ea dibire. Jin ji ber v\u00ea serdestiy\u00ea t\u00eak di\u00e7e. M\u00ear klubek pi\u00e7\u00fbk e ji p\u00eanc an deh hevalan. X\u00eazek obs\u00eedyen\u00ea li cem w\u00ee heye \u00fb her ku di\u00e7e dikuje.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea be\u015f\u00ea de, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ji bo me gir\u00eeng e, dabe\u015fkirina civak\u00ee ya yekem an j\u00ee cudahiya di navbera m\u00ear \u00fb jinan de ye. Dibe ku gir\u00eeng be ku em v\u00ea t\u00eageh\u00ea b\u00eatir berfireh bikin. Heta dikare bibe mijara felsefey\u00ea j\u00ee. T\u00ea zan\u00een ku xwezaya civak\u00ee bi piran\u00ee jin e. Div\u00ea ew bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee p\u00ea\u015f bikeve ji ber ku b\u00fbyera jidayikb\u00fbn\u00ea heye. Her \u00e7end jidayikb\u00fbn bi awayek\u00ee genet\u00eek\u00ee were ravekirin j\u00ee, gir\u00eeng e. Cureyek c\u00fbda ya jidayikb\u00fbn\u00ea li vir p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ango: hem veqetandina lingan \u00fb hem j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna cudahiy\u00ean f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee b\u00fbyera jidayikb\u00fbn\u00ea dike pirsgir\u00eak. Di heb\u00fbn\u00ean din de pirsgir\u00eakek wisa pirsgir\u00eak tune. H\u00eamana m\u00ear-jin s\u00ea sed milyon sal ber\u00ea ji hev veqetiyaye. Ev di curey\u00ean nebatan de j\u00ee heye. Dema ku dor t\u00ea ser curey\u00ea mirovan, ev veqetandin wek\u00ee cudahiyek kal\u00eet\u00eef xuya dike. Bi helwesta rast a mirovan \u00fb ramana sembol\u00eek, cure bi awayek\u00ee teqez t\u00ea damezrandin, h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee xwe ji xwezaya f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee cuda dike. Jin bi dest\u00ean xwe civak\u00ea diafir\u00eenin, dibin damezr\u00eener\u00ean xwezaya civak\u00ee. Klana ku li dora jina dayik ava dibe civaka yekem e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, civak\u00eeb\u00fbn afirandinek jin\u00ea ye. Bi rast\u00ee, em dikarin m\u00eenak\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea bib\u00eenin dema ku em li hem\u00ee civak\u00ean klan\u00ea din\u00earin. Mimkun e ku meriv li daristan\u00ean baran\u00ea y\u00ean Brez\u00eelyay\u00ea, li daristan\u00ean baran\u00ea y\u00ean Endonezyay\u00ea m\u00eenakan bib\u00eene. Heta li Anatoliy\u00ea j\u00ee m\u00eenak\u00ean v\u00ea yek\u00ea hene. Pirsgir\u00eak ev e: Jin civak\u00ea ava dikin, ava dikin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015f dixin, nirx\u00ea diafir\u00eenin, l\u00ea zehmetiy\u00ean zay\u00een\u00ea \u00fb p\u00eadiviy\u00ean xwarin\u00ea xwe z\u00eadetir \u00eespat dikin. Deng d\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee veguhere ziman; ew komker d\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee navan biafir\u00eenin, qa\u00eedey\u00ean ziman\u00ee saz bikin; bi kurtas\u00ee, ziman d\u00ea di bin bandora dayik\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015f bikeve. M\u00ear h\u00een j\u00ee ji v\u00ea yek\u00ea d\u00fbr in. Ziman civak\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixe \u00fb berfireh dike. Dema ku deng dibin peyv, \u00eeht\u00eemala t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina hevbe\u015f p\u00ea\u015f dikeve, \u00fb ev kom\u00ea berfireh dike. Civaka matrilineal civakek e ku d\u00eerokek w\u00ea bi m\u00eelyonan salan heye. Kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar bingeha koletiy\u00ea ava kir, dest bi desteserkirina nirx\u00ean afirandin\u00ea kir, di ser\u00ee de y\u00ean jinan. \u00c7ima kl\u00fbba n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar jinan digire? Jin hem ti\u015ft\u00ean cins\u00ee ne \u00fb hem j\u00ee berhevkar in. Ew j\u00ee zarokan t\u00eenin, \u00fb jin zarok\u00ean xwe li ser berhevkirin\u00ea f\u00ear dikin. Jin bi berdewam\u00ee li dora xwe dewlemendiy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadikin. Desteserkirina jinan \u00fb afirandin\u00ean wan, kontrolkirina wan, kar\u00ea kl\u00fbba m\u00earan e. Kl\u00fbba m\u00earan j\u00ee r\u00eaberek heye. N\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ea her\u00ee ba\u015f serok\u00ea kl\u00fbb\u00ea ye, serok e. Her ti\u015ft bi serok ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Serok pir bi bandor e; w\u00ee bi xwe zilam\u00ean xwe organ\u00eeze kiriye. Zilam\u00ean ku w\u00ee organ\u00eeze kiriye dikarin her ti\u015ft\u00ee bigirin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee bandor\u00ea li jinan j\u00ee dike. \u00db bi v\u00ee away\u00ee d\u00eelgirtina jinan dest p\u00ea dike. Ev k\u00eamasiyeke mezin e ku zanyar nikarin v\u00ea bib\u00eenin \u00fb binirx\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

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Cewhera pirsgir\u00eakdar a civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea j\u00ee bingeha t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftineke rast a d\u00eerok\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene. Teoriya Marks\u00eest \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ee wek\u00ee nakokiya bingeh\u00een \u00fb pirsgir\u00eaka di anal\u00eeza d\u00eerok \u00fb civak\u00ea de qeb\u00fbl dike. Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea, wekhev\u00ee \u00fb azadiya civak\u00ee ji h\u00eala \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ve hatiye t\u00eakbirin, ku b\u00fbye sedema pergala \u00eestismar \u00fb serdestiy\u00ea. Anal\u00eeza d\u00eerok \u00fb civak\u00ea ya li ser bingeha \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ee gelek rexne l\u00ea hatiye kirin \u00fb dikare were kirin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, li gor\u00ee daney\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee ve hatine e\u015fkere kirin, t\u00eakiliyek \u00eestismar\u00ea ya berevaj\u00ee exlaqa azadiya civak\u00ee demek dir\u00eaj ber\u00ee \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Ev \u00eestismarkirina zayend\u00ee ye ku bi r\u00eaya tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiya zayend\u00ee an \u00eestismarkirina jinan p\u00ea\u015fketiye. Gotina v\u00ea yek\u00ea gir\u00eengiya \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ee k\u00eam nake. Ew ten\u00ea e\u015fkere dike ku \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ne nakokiya yekem \u00fb yekane ye. Dema ku em behsa cewhera pirsgir\u00eakdar a pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea dikin, ti\u015ft\u00ea ku me heta niha diyar kiriye dikare bingehek ji bo xalek destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00e7\u00eabike. Bingeha xwezaya pirsgir\u00eakdar li cem Marx li ser cudakariya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, rast\u00ee ev e ku bingeha xwezaya pirsgir\u00eakdar cudakariya zayend\u00ee ye. Pirsgir\u00eak ne ji \u00e7\u00een\u00ea, l\u00ea ji \u00e7andeke li ser cudakariya zayend\u00ee hatiye avakirin derdikeve. Nakokiyeke li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee heye ku demek dir\u00eaj ber\u00ee cudakariya \u00e7\u00een\u00ee dest p\u00ea kiriye. Pirsgir\u00eak ji nakokiya di navbera civaka klan a komunal a “primitive” a li ser hilber\u00eena jinan \u00fb civaka n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan-berhevkar a m\u00earan de derdikeve hol\u00ea. Rew\u015fek zelal e, l\u00ea ravekirinek wisa di sosyolojiy\u00ea de tune ye. Prens\u00eeba ku div\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fankirina pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek civak\u00ee de li ser were dan\u00een, p\u00eevana civakb\u00fbna azad e. Ev wate, xwezaya heterojen a li ser parastina cudah\u00eeyan \u00fb prens\u00eeb\u00ean exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ne. Nirx\u00ean wek\u00ee wekhev\u00ee, edalet \u00fb azad\u00ee bi van p\u00eevanan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Ji ber ku exlaq\u00ee helwestek wekhev\u00ee \u00fb dadperweriy\u00ea hewce dike. Karakter\u00ea siyas\u00ee civak\u00eeb\u00fbn e ku li ser \u00e7alakiya azad \u00fb be\u015fdarb\u00fbn\u00ea hatiye avakirin. Pirsa ku div\u00ea were pirs\u00een ev e: Ev tevna civakb\u00fbna azad keng\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7awa hate t\u00eakbirin? Zayend cuda ne l\u00ea wekhev in. Jin h\u00eamana bingeh\u00een a civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ne. Civak li ser ked \u00fb nirx\u00ean jinan hatiye avakirin. Desteserkirina van afirandin\u00ean ji aliy\u00ea jinan ve, poz\u00eesyona wan wek\u00ee mijar\u00ean civak\u00ee, cudahiya wan \u00fb be\u015fdariya wan asteng dike. Desteserkirina afirandin\u00ean jinan \u00fb \u00eestismara zayend\u00ee du al\u00ee ne. \u00cest\u00eesmara \u00e7and\u00ee, ku ji desteserkirina afirandin\u00ean jinan derdikeve hol\u00ea, nasnameya mirov\u00ee ya jinan, rola wan wek\u00ee avaker\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb heb\u00fbna wan hedef digire. Ji aliy\u00ea din ve, \u00eestismara cins\u00ee cins\u00eeyet \u00fb la\u015f\u00ean wan hedef digire. \u00car\u00ee\u015fa li ser jinan bi d\u00fbrxistina wan ji c\u00eehana p\u00eeroziy\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. D\u00fbv re ew ji jiyana civak\u00ee t\u00eane d\u00fbrxistin \u00fb di qada cins\u00eeyet de t\u00eane s\u00eenordarkirin. Di civak\u00ean matr\u00eearkal de, cins\u00eeyet\u00eeya jinan, ku bi r\u00eaya berhemdariy\u00ea t\u00ea r\u00fbmetdarkirin \u00fb p\u00eerozkirin, ji aliy\u00ea m\u00earan ve vediguhere zindanek ji bo jinan. Ev yek tevna exlaq\u00ee-siyas\u00ee ya civakek azad t\u00eak dide.<\/p>\n

Ew w\u00earankirina piral\u00ee ya jinan e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, dersa ku ji d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee were derxistin e\u015fkere ye: Nakokiya yekem di d\u00eeroka civak\u00ee de nakokiya ji dabe\u015fkirina ked\u00ea li ser bingeha jin \u00fb m\u00earan derdikeve hol\u00ea ye, \u00fb \u00eestismara yekem \u00eestismara jinan e. Di e\u015f\u00eera dayik\u00ea de, ap wek\u00ee biray\u00ea dayik\u00ea bi bandor e. \u00cero, rastiya ku ap \u00fb xalt\u00ee li Kurdistan\u00ea b\u00eatir t\u00eane nas kirin \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eektir t\u00eane h\u00ees kirin, di bingeh de ji ber parastina v\u00ea taybetmendiya civak\u00ee ya dayik\u00ea ye. Di v\u00ea \u015fore\u015fa dij-\u015fore\u015f\u00ea de, civaka e\u015f\u00eera dayik\u00ea derbeyek mezin diki\u015f\u00eene. Hem nirx\u00ean yekem \u00fb hem j\u00ee zarok j\u00ea t\u00eane girtin. Di encam\u00ea de, jin ne\u00e7ar dim\u00eenin ku m\u00eena koleyan bixebitin. Ji bo p\u00ea\u015f\u00eegirtina li v\u00ea yek\u00ea, jin pi\u015ft\u00ee meras\u00eema yek\u00eetiya p\u00eeroz m\u00ear dikuje. Esas\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea ev e: Bi zan\u00eena ku d\u00ea \u00e7i bi ser\u00ea w\u00ea were, jin, her \u00e7end ew ev\u00eendar\u00ea w\u00ea be j\u00ee, bi kiryarek p\u00eerozkirin\u00ea dikuje. Div\u00ea ew bikuje da ku p\u00ea\u015f\u00ee li v\u00ea karesat\u00ea bigire. Ev materyal\u00eezma d\u00eerok\u00ee ye. Ev ramana her\u00ee bik\u00earhat\u00ee ye ku em dikarin ji Marks\u00eezm\u00ea bigirin. Materyal\u00eezma diyalekt\u00eek w\u00ea bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee rave dike. Zilam daw\u00ee li v\u00ea bandora jinan di civaka Sumer\u00ee de t\u00eene. Veguher\u00een bi koletiya jinan temam dibe. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea veguhertin\u00ea, ev yek di destana Enuma Eli\u015f de, ku wek\u00ee destana afirandin\u00ea ya Bab\u00eel\u00ee j\u00ee t\u00ea zan\u00een, bi awayek\u00ee berbi\u00e7av diyar dibe. Civaka \u00cebran\u00ee b\u00fb ku naveroka van destanan veguherand olek\u00ea. Civaka \u00cebran\u00ee destana Enuma Eli\u015f girt \u00fb veguherand Tewrat\u00ea. Veguher\u00eena ku destan di nav e\u015f\u00eera \u00cebran\u00ee de p\u00ea re \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb hem manew\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee mad\u00ee b\u00fb. Ji Tewrat\u00ea, Inc\u00eel \u00fb Quran \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbn. Kes nikare v\u00ea yek\u00ea \u00eenkar bike. Encam ew e ku jinan di mal\u00ea de girt\u00ee ne. Zerde\u015ft\u00ee bi \u00eeht\u00eemaleke mezin be\u015fdar\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea b\u00fbye. Falokras\u00ee serdest e. Zilam organ\u00ean xwe y\u00ean zayend\u00ee p\u00eeroz dike, wan dixe poz\u00eesyona xwedayek\u00ee. Ev h\u00een j\u00ee li Hindistan\u00ea heye. Ew dib\u00eaje, “Ne ten\u00ea ez, l\u00ea organ\u00ean min j\u00ee xweday\u00ean wan in, \u00fb h\u00fbn \u00ea wan biperizin.” \u00db bi rast\u00ee, ev di pirt\u00fbk\u00ea de hatiye tomar kirin, bi e\u015fkere di Tewrat\u00ea de hatiye vegotin. Ya gir\u00eeng pergala xwedawenda jin e ku ber\u00ee v\u00ea serdem\u00ea heb\u00fb \u00fb t\u00eag\u00eenkirina v\u00ea yek\u00ea. Be\u015fa t\u00eag\u00eenkirin\u00ea w\u00ea vediguher\u00eene olek\u00ea. Qonaxa din qonaxa xwed\u00eetiy\u00ea ye. Ji bil\u00ee v\u00ea, ev dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirina bi mal\u00ea \u00eedeolojiyek xeternak e, pirsgir\u00eakek mezin e. Ev pirsgir\u00eaka rast\u00een a civak\u00ea ye. Ev dibe sedema \u00e7\u00een\u00ea, dibe sedema dewlet\u00ea. \u00db m\u00ear van hem\u00fbyan dikin. M\u00ear ‘\u015fore\u015f\u00ean’ ar\u00eestokrat\u00eek, ‘\u015fore\u015f\u00ean’ burjuwa dikin, l\u00ea hem\u00ee li dora koletiya jinan dizivirin. Dema ku ew dibe dewlet, h\u00eazek din tune ku m\u00earan s\u00eenordar bike. Dewlet bi n\u00ee\u015fana m\u00earan hatiye mohrkirin \u00fb h\u00eaza b\u00eadaw\u00ee tems\u00eel dike. Li Kurdistan\u00ea, bingeha rizgariya jinan ji h\u00eala R\u00eaber Abdullah \u00d6calan ve hatiye dan\u00een, \u00fb wek\u00ee p\u00eadiviyek r\u00eazgirtina ji bo jinan, gotina “div\u00ea azad\u00ee di raman\u00ea de dest p\u00ea bike” wek\u00ee prens\u00eebek bingeh\u00een hatiye saz kirin. Di rew\u015fa hey\u00ee de, jin ji her al\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Ferq nake ku ew bi\u00e7in cem k\u00eejan m\u00ear\u00ee, ji ber ku ew li ser bingeha zewac\u00ea dest p\u00ea dikin \u00fb hesta xwed\u00eetiy\u00ea pir bandorker e, wekhev\u00ee ji bidestxistina w\u00ea d\u00fbr e. Di van t\u00eakiliyan de, jin d\u00ea di demek\u00ea de rast\u00ee l\u00eadan\u00ean m\u00earan werin. Her \u00e7end ew ji hev veqetin j\u00ee, ew \u00ea \u00e7awa bi tena ser\u00ea xwe bij\u00een b\u00fbye pirsgir\u00eaka sereke. Jin\u00ean ku aboriy\u00ea diafir\u00eenin, niha bi nan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne, bi dest\u00ea m\u00earan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Dema ku m\u00ear kar nake, jin bir\u00e7\u00ee dibe. L\u00ea jin in ku aboriy\u00ea diafir\u00eenin. Peyva “abor\u00ee” Yewnan\u00ee ye, t\u00ea wateya “debara mal\u00ea” an “qan\u00fbna mal\u00ea”, \u00fb ew kar\u00ea jin\u00ea ye. Di dem\u00ean n\u00fbjen de, tevl\u00eab\u00fbna jinan bi aboriy\u00ea re daketiye sifir\u00ea. Niha, jin bi tu away\u00ee li ser aboriy\u00ea kontrol nakin. Abor\u00ee niha di bin serdestiya mutleq a korporasyon \u00fb m\u00earan de ye. Ev veguheztina serdestiya m\u00earan di aboriy\u00ea de bi esl\u00ea xwe Rojavay\u00ee ye. Heta di Serdema Nav\u00een \u00fb Ant\u00eek de j\u00ee, jinan li ser aboriy\u00ea kontrolek berbi\u00e7av heb\u00fb. L\u00ea di kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de, ev \u00eehtimal bi tevah\u00ee winda dibe. Abor\u00ee dikeve dest\u00ea korporasyonan. Pere \u00fb \u015f\u00eerket\u00ean daray\u00ee monopola m\u00earan in. Jin bi tu away\u00ee li ser pere an aboriy\u00ea giraniya wan tune; ew bi tevah\u00ee bi m\u00earan ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne. Pere, hem\u00ee teknoloj\u00ee \u00fb zanista navend\u00ee hem\u00ee di dest\u00ean m\u00earan de ne. \u00c7i b\u00fbye ser\u00ea jinan? Ew dikarin wek\u00ee “bilbilek di qefes\u00ea de distir\u00ea” an “xemilandina m\u00earek di mal\u00ea de” werin binavkirin. La\u015f\u00ea jin\u00ea \u00ead\u00ee ne ten\u00ea meseleya milk\u00ea ye; di xizmeta kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de ye, ji por\u00ea w\u00ea bigire heta ling\u00ean w\u00ea, giyan\u00ea w\u00ea, deng\u00ea w\u00ea, tevahiya heb\u00fbna w\u00ea meseleya milk\u00ea ye. Reklam di la\u015f\u00ea jin\u00ea re t\u00ea me\u015fandin, ku ev tirsnak e. Div\u00ea jin xwed\u00ee li la\u015f\u00ean xwe derkevin. La\u015f\u00ea ku bi tevah\u00ee ji h\u00eala m\u00ear ve t\u00ea kontrol kirin, la\u015f\u00ea jin\u00ea bi xwe ye. M\u00ear hem\u00fb s\u00eenor\u00ean jin\u00ea, dem ji bo her ti\u015ft\u00ee destn\u00ee\u015fan dike. Ger m\u00ear pere nede, jin d\u00ea bir\u00e7\u00ee bim\u00eene. Ne hewce ye ku w\u00eane h\u00een tar\u00eetir bibe. R\u00eaber Abdullah Ocalan dib\u00eaje, “Sosyal\u00eezm bi rizgariya jinan derbas dibe.” L\u00eabel\u00ea, tu p\u00ea\u015fengiya \u015fore\u015fger a sosyal\u00eest qet rizgariya jinan \u00fb t\u00eakiliyek bi jinan re li ser bingehek azad neaniye prat\u00eek\u00ea, an j\u00ee teoriyek ji bo w\u00ea formule nekiriye. Mixabin, zanista civak\u00ee heta \u00eero wiha b\u00fbye. Perestina w\u00ea wek\u00ee olek \u00fb muameleya bi r\u00eaber\u00ean w\u00ea re wek\u00ee p\u00eaxemberan j\u00ee zirar\u00ean mezin daye t\u00eako\u015f\u00een\u00ean sosyal\u00eest. Anal\u00eez\u00ean ku niha t\u00eane ceribandin armanc dikin ku v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea derbas bikin. Marks, Len\u00een, Mao \u00fb Stal\u00een div\u00ea li ser v\u00ea bingeh\u00ea werin l\u00eakol\u00een kirin. Len\u00een di v\u00ee war\u00ee de hewldan\u00ean mezin kir; em w\u00ee s\u00fbcdar nakin. L\u00ea Stal\u00een jinan dike ti\u015ftek\u00ee bazirgan\u00ee, wan di mal\u00ea de heps dike, \u00fb her \u00e7end wan nekuje j\u00ee, jiyana wan ji mirin\u00ea j\u00ee xerabtir dike. R\u00eaber Abdullah Ocalan… Her \u00e7iqas anal\u00eeza Ocalan, “Ku\u015ftina Mirov,” bersivek ji bo van hem\u00fb pirsgir\u00eakan p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f bike j\u00ee, ew di heman dem\u00ea de gaveke gir\u00eeng e ji bo t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina rast a civaka d\u00eerok\u00ee.<\/p>\n

4- S\u00eestema Kast\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00ea zan\u00een ku n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer di nav m\u00earan de \u015f\u00eawazek jiyan \u00fb \u00e7and\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f dixe. Di encama dema ku bi hev re derbas dibe \u00fb di dema n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea de hevkariy\u00ea dike, di nav n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ean m\u00ear de cureyek kluba t\u00eakiliyan p\u00ea\u015f dikeve. Ev \u00e7anda n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ean m\u00ear e ku di \u015f\u00eedet \u00fb \u00eestismara li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee de rolek dil\u00eeze. Ev avah\u00ee bi dem\u00ea re di war\u00ea h\u00eaza la\u015f\u00ee, zan\u00een \u00fb teknolojiya ku\u015ftin\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7alakiya r\u00eaxistinkir\u00ee de xurt b\u00fbye. \u015e\u00eedeta li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee bi \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa m\u00earan li ser jinan t\u00ea kirin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku jin ji qada p\u00eeroz t\u00eane derxistin \u00fb zayenda m\u00ear t\u00ea p\u00eeroz kirin, h\u00eaz \u00fb p\u00eeroziya madd\u00ee ji bo n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ea m\u00ear t\u00ea hev kirin. Ev t\u00ea v\u00ea watey\u00ea ku kluba m\u00earan hem bi h\u00eaz \u00fb kujer e, \u00fb hem j\u00ee p\u00eeroz e. Bi v\u00ea tevliheviya h\u00eaza \u00eedeoloj\u00eek \u00fb madd\u00ee, di d\u00eerok\u00ea de cara yekem avahiyek n\u00fb t\u00ea avakirin, \u00fb ev avah\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee xwe ji civak\u00ea vediqet\u00eene. Ev ti\u015ft\u00ea ku em j\u00ea re dib\u00eajin kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea an avahiya kast\u00ea ye. T\u00eageha kast\u00ea ku em armanc dikin ku rave bikin “heb\u00fbna b\u00eadest, p\u00eeroz” e. Ew b\u00eadest e ji ber ku ew hem p\u00eeroz \u00fb hem j\u00ee bi h\u00eaz e. Ev avahiya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea ne ten\u00ea jinan kolon\u00eeze dike. Ji bo avahiya kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea, jin hedefa yekem, qada yekem a \u00eestismarkirin\u00ea ne. L\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee, ew di nav tevahiya civak\u00ea de h\u00eaz\u00ea bi dest dixe. \u00c7awa ku jinan \u00eestismar dike, ew dest bi \u00eestismarkirina civak\u00ea j\u00ee dike. \u00cestismarkirina jinan, di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, modelek j\u00ee diafir\u00eene. \u00db kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea civak\u00ea ne\u00e7ar dike ku her ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ew dixwaze bike. H\u00eaza w\u00ea b\u00ea guman e.<\/p>\n

Kast avahiyek hi\u015fktir \u00fb neguh\u00eazbar e ji \u00e7\u00een\u00ea. T\u00eakiliy\u00ean \u00e7\u00een\u00ea dikarin \u015file bin, kesek dikare di \u00e7\u00een\u00ea de ber bi jor ve bi\u00e7e, l\u00ea s\u00eenor\u00ean pergala kast\u00ea hi\u015fk in, ew veguheztin\u00ea qeb\u00fbl nake. Tewra ten\u00ea li m\u00eenaka Hindistan\u00ea j\u00ee, tewra di forma w\u00ea ya hey\u00ee de j\u00ee, ferq\u00ea xuya dike. Pergala kujer\u00ea kast\u00ea bi dem\u00ea re guher\u00een derbas kiriye. Hem l\u00eapirs\u00een\u00ean rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee felsef\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistina model\u00ean h\u00eaza siyas\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean wek\u00ee ar\u00eestokrasiy\u00ea veguher\u00eenek p\u00eaw\u00eest kiriye. Pergala kast\u00ea li ser t\u00eakiliya du h\u00eaman\u00ean sereke ye: \u00eedeolojiya m\u00earan\u00ee ku p\u00eeroz\u00ee l\u00ea t\u00ea veqetandin \u00fb h\u00eaza taz\u00ee ya zor\u00ea. Bi awayek\u00ee s\u00eestem\u00eek, ev avah\u00ee li pi\u015ft her c\u00fbre t\u00eakiliy\u00ean \u00eestismar \u00fb serdestiy\u00ea ye. R\u00eaxistina v\u00ea avahiy\u00ea vedigere ber\u00ee G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepey\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee v\u00ea curey\u00ea avahiya kast\u00ea, m\u00eemariyeke wek\u00ee G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe ne mimkun b\u00fb. E\u015fkere ye ku hejmareke mezin ji mirovan ne\u00e7ar mane ku li G\u00f6bekl\u00eetepe bixebitin. P\u00eeroziya ku di v\u00ea pergal\u00ea de hatiye afirandin di v\u00ea zor\u00ea de roleke gir\u00eeng l\u00eestiye. L\u00eabel\u00ea, xuya ye ku zora f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee bi v\u00ea p\u00eeroziy\u00ea re hatiye. Ev yek ji bo p\u00eeram\u00eed\u00ean Misr\u00ea j\u00ee rast e. Em v\u00ea wek\u00ee s\u00eestemeke ku\u015ftin\u00ea ya li ser bingeha kast\u00ea p\u00eanase dikin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee e\u015fkere b\u00fbye ku \u015f\u00eawaza jiyana Neol\u00eet\u00eek, ku ji h\u00eala gelek kesan ve wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftineke \u015fore\u015fger\u00ee hatiye hesibandin, di rastiy\u00ea de s\u00eestemek b\u00fb ku ji h\u00eala pergala kast\u00ea ve bi r\u00eaya zor\u00ea hatiye p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Di v\u00ee war\u00ee de, serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek r\u00ea li ber s\u00eestemat\u00eezekirina \u00eestismara jinan vekir. Her wiha e\u015fkere ye ku r\u00ea\u00e7a d\u00eerok\u00ea wek\u00ee ku Gordon Childe diyar kiriye p\u00ea\u015f neketiye. \u015eore\u015fa Neol\u00eet\u00eek, ku li ser bingeha keda mirovan a ewqas berfireh hatiye avakirin, b\u00eay\u00ee \u015fore\u015feke dij-\u015fore\u015f li dij\u00ee civak\u00eeb\u00fbna navend\u00ee ya jinan ji h\u00eala n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eervan\u00ea m\u00ear \u00fb pergala kast\u00ea ve nedikar\u00eeb\u00fbya \u00e7\u00eabibe. Me w\u00ea dem\u00ea ev yek ned\u00eet. Bi rast\u00ee j\u00ee pir e\u015fkere ye ku mirov nikarin bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200btevl\u00ee ked \u00fb jiyaneke bi cihek\u00ee ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee bibin. Di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de, bi komkirin, an j\u00ee n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eerkirin\u00ea jiyan mimkun b\u00fb; \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean hey\u00ee ji bo hem azad\u00ee \u00fb hem j\u00ee rehetiy\u00ea derfetek b\u00eahempa p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dikirin. Mirov dikarin bi komkirina nebatan, \u00e7in\u00een\u00ea \u00fb heta n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer\u00ea azadtir \u00fb b\u00ea zehmet\u00ee bij\u00een. B\u00ea guman, derbasb\u00fbna bo serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek ne xweber b\u00fb, \u00fb ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea ne bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200bb\u00fb. Dema ku mirov bi azad\u00ee \u00fb wekhev\u00ee di civak\u00ean ko\u00e7er de dijiyan, bicihb\u00fbna li ser erd\u00ea wek\u00ee koleyan \u00ee\u015fkence b\u00fb. Jiyanek bi erd\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee pir dijwar b\u00fb. B\u00eay\u00ee zextek mezin, ne gengaz b\u00fb ku meriv di kulubeyek\u00ea de were girtin. Kesek d\u00ea ne\u00e7ar bim\u00eene ku mirovan l\u00ea bide \u00fb wan li wir bigire. Girtin li c\u00eehek m\u00eena kampek komkirin\u00ea ten\u00ea bi zor\u00ea mimkun b\u00fb. Li vir, dabe\u015fkirina ked\u00ea li ser bingeha zayend\u00ea ten\u00ea h\u00eaz e ku div\u00ea berpirsiyar be. Dabe\u015fkirina ked\u00ea li ser bingeha zayend\u00ea di koka pirsgir\u00eakan de ye. Bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00e7\u00eadibin. Rastiya ku serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek ten\u00ea wek\u00ee \u015fore\u015fek mezin di vegotinan de t\u00ea binavkirin, dibe ku ji ber bandora \u00e7anda Rojavay\u00ee be. Bandor\u00ean ji Marks \u00fb aboriya siyas\u00ee ya Br\u00eetan\u00ee j\u00ee ji heman kok\u00ea derdikevin. Xwendina baldar \u00fb l\u00eakol\u00eena d\u00eerok\u00ee ya k\u00fbr t\u00eakiliya di navbera v\u00ea serdem\u00ea \u00fb koletiy\u00ea de e\u015fkere dike. L\u00eabel\u00ea, di gelek vegotinan de, koletiya der\u00fbn\u00ee ya ku ji h\u00eala \u00e7anda Rojavay\u00ee ve hatiye afirandin ev yek asteng kiriye. Di destan\u00ean Sumer\u00ee de vegotin hene ku d\u00eerok\u00ea dest p\u00ea dikin. Ev metn\u00ean niv\u00eesk\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f\u00een in. Ew gelek ti\u015ftan ji mirovan re dib\u00eajin. Pirt\u00fbk\u00ean ol\u00ee y\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee tij\u00ee van ti\u015ftan in. Ew tij\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ean wek\u00ee “\u00e7awa w\u00ea di mal\u00ea de dorp\u00ea\u00e7 bikin, roj\u00ea \u00e7end caran l\u00ea bidin, \u00e7awa l\u00ea bidin, \u00e7awa w\u00ea bi\u015fk\u00eenin” in. L\u00eabel\u00ea, neb\u00fbna vegotinek wusa li ser jinan di ramana sosyal\u00eest de, di nav de ya Marks j\u00ee, \u00fb dermankirina d\u00eerok\u00ea wek\u00ee ku nakok\u00ee tune be, k\u00eamasiyek mezin e. Anal\u00eeza ka d\u00eerok \u00e7awa li ser bingeha nakokiy\u00ean zayend\u00ee \u015fax dibe \u00fb pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00e7awa dest p\u00ea dikin encama n\u00eaz\u00eekatiya sosyolojiya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya R\u00eaber Abdullah \u00d6calan e. Di encam\u00ea de, \u00e7avkaniya pirsgir\u00eaka civak\u00ee ne t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00e7\u00een\u00ee ye, l\u00ea… Pirsgir\u00eak ne dabe\u015fb\u00fbna bajar-gund\u00ea ye ku bi jidayikb\u00fbna dewlet\u00ea an j\u00ee ber\u00ee w\u00ea dest p\u00ea kiriye; newekheviya li ser bingeha zayend\u00ee \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbna ji w\u00ea derdikeve ye, ku demek dir\u00eaj ber\u00ee ar\u00eestokras\u00ee \u00fb burjuvaziy\u00ea dest p\u00ea kiriye. Em dikarin behsa civatek veguh\u00eaz ji civakek dayiksalar\u00ee ber bi civakek ku ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest e bikin. Ev civaka veguh\u00eaz di m\u00eetolojiya Sumer\u00ee de bi zelal\u00ee t\u00ea xuyang kirin. Ew di s\u00ea ol\u00ean yekxweday\u00ee de j\u00ee, Hind\u00fb\u00eezm, Konfu\u00e7y\u00fbs\u00eezm, \u00fb heta di trajediy\u00ean n\u00eev-ol\u00ee, n\u00eev-f\u00eelozof\u00eek \u00ean Yewnan\u00ee de j\u00ee t\u00ea vegotin. Koka koletiy\u00ea dikare li vir were \u015fopandin. Ji bo hin kesan, \u015faristan\u00ee bi niv\u00eesandin\u00ea dest p\u00ea dike. Er\u00ea, dikare were gotin ku ziman bingeha niv\u00eesandin\u00ea ye, \u00fb huner bingeha ziman e. Her \u00e7end m\u00earan niv\u00eesandin p\u00ea\u015fxistibe j\u00ee, ti\u015ft\u00ean w\u00ea ji h\u00eala jinan ve hatine afirandin. M\u00ear, di p\u00ea\u015fxistina milk\u00ea de, hewcey\u00ea h\u00eaza tekn\u00eek\u00ee ya b\u00eatir in. Niv\u00eesandin ji bo armanc\u00ean tekn\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee jimartina koleyan di perestgehan de, destn\u00ee\u015fankirina xwarina koleyan, \u00fb biryardana ka \u00e7end koleyan bi\u015f\u00eenin ku der\u00ea p\u00eadiv\u00ee ye. Niv\u00eesandin ne p\u00eeroz e, l\u00ea am\u00fbrek tekn\u00eek\u00ee ye, \u00fb ew di t\u00eakiliya bi \u00eestismar\u00ea re p\u00ea\u015f ket. Cudahiya di navbera kast \u00fb \u00e7\u00een, an dewlet\u00ea de, ew e ku kast otor\u00eeteyek b\u00ea guman \u00fb b\u00ea \u015fik e. Gir\u00eeng e ku li Hindistan\u00ea, kast h\u00een j\u00ee qet tevlihev nabin; ji ber hi\u015fkb\u00fbna z\u00eade, ji yek\u00ea ber bi yek\u00ee din ve \u00e7\u00fbn ne mumkin e. \u00c7\u00een cuda ye. Hilki\u015f\u00eena r\u00eaza civak\u00ee mimkun e, l\u00ea ne di nav pergala kast\u00ea de. Kast di rastiy\u00ea de bingeha t\u00eageha Xwed\u00ea ye. Gotina “Xwed\u00ea nay\u00ea pirs\u00een” ji dabe\u015fb\u00fbna kast\u00ea t\u00ea. Dema ku zilamek jinek\u00ea kole dike da ku xwestek\u00ean xwe t\u00ear bike \u00fb afirandin\u00ean w\u00ea desteser bike, ew dibe serwer\u00ea mutleq. D\u00fbv re kolet\u00ee dibe karesatek ku mirovahiy\u00ea qet ber\u00ea ned\u00eetiye an j\u00ee tecr\u00fbbe nekiriye, \u00fb di v\u00ea watey\u00ea de, ew b\u00eahempa ye. Karesatek ji qirkirin\u00ea xirabtir li ser jinan t\u00ea. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea, gotin\u00ean ku ji jinan re t\u00eane kirin, wek\u00ee “h\u00fbn ne temam in, h\u00fbn \u00e7awa w\u00earek\u00ee diaxivin,” ji dabe\u015fb\u00fbna kast\u00ea derdikevin. Ji wan re t\u00ea gotin, “H\u00fbn ne temam in, h\u00fbn nekarin biaxivin.” Her \u00e7end ew biaxivin j\u00ee, kes z\u00eade q\u00eemet\u00ea nade wan. Jin bi h\u00eastiran diaxivin. Ziman\u00ea jinan, ku ber\u00ea ziman\u00ea xwedawend\u00ea b\u00fb, dibe zimanek\u00ee netemam\u00ee, xerab\u00ee, k\u00eamas\u00ee \u00fb ney\u00een\u00eetiy\u00ea. Ya h\u00een tirsnaktir ew e ku ev yek di huner\u00ea de t\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fandan, ku jin her ku di\u00e7e vediguherin objey\u00ean cins\u00ee. Jin wek\u00ee n\u00ea\u00e7\u00eer t\u00eane d\u00eetin. \u00cero, jin ten\u00ea b\u00fbne obje, p\u00eal\u00eestok. Ziman\u00ea wan y\u00ea koleyek\u00ea ye. Ziman\u00ea xwedawenda dayik\u00ea ya kevnar serdest dim\u00eene. Ma afir\u00eener\u00ea ziman, jin, dikare wiha be? L\u00ea ew di bin koletiy\u00ea de ewqas bindest \u00fb bindest e ku ew ten\u00ea dikare heya radeya ku m\u00earek dest\u00fbr\u00ea dide biaxive.<\/p>\n

Rew\u015fa jinan \u00eero \u00e7awa ye? Jin \u00eero bi piran\u00ee dibin ti\u015ft\u00ean \u015fahiy\u00ea y\u00ean m\u00earan. Zengil di poz, guh, st\u00fb \u00fb lep\u00ean wan de t\u00eane dan\u00een – zengil\u00ean koletiy\u00ea. Ev hem\u00fb zengil be\u015fek ji zinc\u00eera koletiy\u00ea ne. Ji ber ku ev bi hezaran salan e t\u00ea kirin, ev yek wek\u00ee ti\u015ftek\u00ee normal t\u00ea d\u00eetin. Jin ne\u00e7ar mane ku bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bvan zengilan li xwe bikin. Jin niha bi piran\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ean cins\u00ee ne. Ziman, reng, \u015fikl, \u00e7and \u00fb nasnameya wan hatine j\u00eabirin \u00fb li gor\u00ee avahiya ti\u015ft\u00ea cins\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve hatine \u015fekilkirin. Li Ewropay\u00ea, hilber\u00eena objekirina jinan di serdema ku j\u00ea re serdema l\u00eeberal, serdema azadiy\u00ea t\u00ea gotin de k\u00fbrtir b\u00fbye. Tevger\u00ean fem\u00een\u00eest di derbaskirina v\u00ea dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirin\u00ea de nekar\u00eene. Her \u00e7end jin afir\u00eener\u00ean aboriy\u00ea, ziman \u00fb gelek hewcedariy\u00ean civak\u00ee bin j\u00ee, ziman\u00ea wan hatiye tahr\u00eefkirin \u00fb cih\u00ea wan di aboriy\u00ea de daketiye sifir\u00ea. Heta ne mimkun e ku meriv behsa xweparastin\u00ea bike. Ev encama r\u00ea\u00e7a d\u00eerok\u00ee-civak\u00ee ye; b\u00ea guman ne encamek xwezay\u00ee ye. Kolet\u00ee bi dilxwaz\u00ee \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bhatiye kirin. Ger \u00eero ji jinek\u00ea bipirs\u00ee, ew \u00ea hem\u00ee v\u00ea koletiy\u00ea wek\u00ee pir xwezay\u00ee bib\u00eenin \u00fb guh nedin kes\u00ean ku ti\u015ftek\u00ee din dib\u00eajin. Ew \u00ea nexwazin bifikirin ku ev rew\u015f e. Kujer jixwe hatiye jib\u00eerkirin. Roj\u00ean azad \u00ean jin\u00ea, afirandin\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean m\u00eena xwedawendan, di serdema \u00cenanna de mane.<\/p>\n

L\u00eabel\u00ea, ev nay\u00ea w\u00ea watey\u00ea ku nirxandin\u00ean me y\u00ean ber\u00ea y\u00ean serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek bi tevah\u00ee xelet in. Serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek p\u00eavajoyek \u015fore\u015fger\u00ee ye ku veguher\u00eena civak\u00ee bilez kiriye. Wekheviya zayend\u00ee h\u00een bi tevah\u00ee winda neb\u00fbye; cih\u00ea jinan di aboriy\u00ea \u00fb civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea de gir\u00eeng e. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, daxuyaniy\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean li ser serdema Neol\u00eet\u00eek nirxandin\u00ean ber\u00ea temam dikin. Bi kurtas\u00ee, rew\u015fa destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb bingeha pirsgir\u00eaka d\u00eerok\u00ee-civak\u00ee kolekirin \u00fb \u00eestismarkirina jinan e. Ev \u00eestismar bingeha veguher\u00eena ji \u00e7andeke civak\u00ee ya matriarkal ber bi pergaleke desthilatdariy\u00ea ya serdest a m\u00earan ve li ser bingeha avahiyek kujer a li ser bingeha kast\u00ea p\u00eak t\u00eene. Ya ku li pey t\u00ea p\u00eavajoyek spirala daket\u00ee ya civak\u00eeb\u00fbn\u00ea ye di \u015fexs\u00ea jinan de. Hem\u00ee nirx\u00ean civak\u00ee di \u015fexs\u00ea jinan de xera dibin. Di \u00e7andeke ku serdestiya m\u00earan de ye, m\u00ear t\u00eane bilindkirin \u00fb r\u00fbmetdarkirin; jin \u00fb nirx\u00ean ku li dora wan p\u00ea\u015f dikevin t\u00eane desteserkirin. Ev e esas. Heta jin j\u00ee aciz nabin ku v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea e\u015fkere bikin, an j\u00ee hin ji wan ji r\u00fbbir\u00fbb\u00fbna bi v\u00ea rastiy\u00ea re nerehet dibin. L\u00eabel\u00ea, ti\u015ft\u00ea rast ew e ku meriv \u00e7anda ku ji zarokatiy\u00ea ve ji h\u00eala m\u00earan ve serdest e bipirse \u00fb bi xewn\u00ean zarokatiy\u00ea re rast bim\u00eene.<\/p>\n

Ev bingeha pirsgir\u00eak\u00ea ye. Mirov dikare gelek pirt\u00fbkan bixw\u00eene, \u00fb heta bibe sosyologek pir hi\u015fmend. L\u00ea ten\u00ea bi xilasb\u00fbna ji v\u00ea koletiy\u00ea mirov dikare gavek ber bi azadiy\u00ea ve bav\u00eaje. Ev hewcey\u00ea hewesek xurt ji bo azadiy\u00ea ye. Rizgar\u00ee xwed\u00ee nirxek prens\u00eeb\u00ee ye, \u00fb t\u00eakiliya v\u00ea prens\u00eeb\u00ea bi kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb sosyal\u00eezm\u00ea re j\u00ee gir\u00eeng e. Ger h\u00fbn dixwazin ant\u00ee-kap\u00eetal\u00eest bin, h\u00fbn \u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea li bingeh\u00ea deynin; ger h\u00fbn dixwazin sosyal\u00eest bin, h\u00fbn \u00ea w\u00ea li ser v\u00ea prens\u00eeb\u00ea ava bikin. Wek\u00ee din, mirov nikare ant\u00ee-kap\u00eetal\u00eest an sosyal\u00eest be. Ger h\u00fbn dixwazin rew\u015fa hey\u00ee ya civak\u00ea bib\u00eenin, h\u00fbn \u00ea li rew\u015fa ku jin t\u00ea de t\u00eane ki\u015fandin bin\u00earin. Ji ber ku ti\u015ft\u00ea ku di \u015fexs\u00ea jin\u00ea de t\u00ea hilwe\u015fandin, tunekirin \u00fb objekt\u00eefkirin civak bi xwe ye. Ji ber ku jin bi xwe civak e.<\/p>\n

JI BO BE\u015eA 1 BITIK\u00ceNE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Navenda L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean Stratej\u00eek A Kurdistan\u00ea<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

XWEZAYA CIVAK\u00ce \u00db PIRSGIR\u00caK\u00caN W\u00ca 1- T\u00eag\u00eenkirina Xwezaya Civak\u00ee T\u00eag\u00eenkirina “xwezaya civak\u00ee” n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku civak avahiyek e ku li dora hin r\u00eagez-prens\u00eeb \u00fb p\u00eevan\u00ean taybet\u00ee y\u00ean w\u00ea hatiye \u015fekilkirin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ev t\u00eageh li ser texm\u00een\u00ean nepen\u00ee y\u00ean li ser civak\u00ee hatiye avakirin. Dema ku em n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee t\u00eag\u00eenkirina xwezaya civak\u00ee dibin, em […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16390,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","jnews_video_option_group":[[]],"override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"archive-right","second_sidebar":"archive-right","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"float","share_float_style":"share-normal","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"1","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","show_comment_section":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_post_related":"1"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":"Civak ne ten\u00ea heb\u00fbnek e ku ji mirov\u00ean t\u00ean cem hev p\u00eak t\u00ea. Civak pergalek nirxan e ku mirov\u00ean hatine cem hev hildiber\u00eenin \u00fb li dora wan bi hev re xwe bi awayek\u00ee kolekt\u00eef p\u00eak t\u00eenin."},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal","first":"0","enable_toc":"0","toc_type":"normal"}]},"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[3961,4609,635,1210,4610,2038,636],"class_list":["post-16389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozgurluk-perspektifleri","tag-civak","tag-gerdun","tag-jin","tag-kapitalizm","tag-kastik","tag-sosyalist","tag-xweza"],"acf":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16389"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16393,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16389\/revisions\/16393"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16390"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}