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st1:* behavior:url(#ieooui) <\/p>\n
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Postkolonizasyon<\/strong><\/p>\n Biraz farkl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131dan yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda postmodernizm, Modern diye an\u0131lan toplumlar\u0131n modernle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ayn\u0131 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Bu ili\u015fki eski \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Bu \u201cpostkolonyal Bu dokunun melezli\u011finden dolay\u0131, \u00f6tekinin tekinsizli\u011finden \u201c21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n emperyalizmi, onun s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi art\u0131k \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Modern olmak \u00a0<\/span>Oryantalizmin G\u00fcncel \u0130deolojik Boyutlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Bat\u0131l\u0131 bilinci en \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>S\u00fcrecin sonlar\u0131na \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0130kinci d\u00fcnya \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>ABD\u2019nin hizmetine \u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>11 Eyl\u00fcl sonras\u0131 \u2018 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>11 Eyl\u00fclden sonra \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Amerika\u2019da \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Oryantalizm, \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Ku\u015fkusuz \u00a0<\/span>SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n Bat\u0131da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan oryantalizm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n temelde \u00fc\u00e7 \u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0130\u015fgal ettikleri Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, oryantalizm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla Ali R\u0131zgar<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/p>\n www.lekolin.org \u2013 www.lekolin.net \u2013 www.lekolin.info\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \t<\/p>\n
\nRobert Young\u2019un (1990) deyi\u015fiyle, \u201cbir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn kendi tarihsel g\u00f6relili\u011finin
\nbilincine varmas\u0131d\u0131r ki, bu da bize onu [postmodernizmi] ele\u015ftirenlerin neden
\nBat\u0131l\u0131 tarih anlat\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n mutlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan g\u00fcvenin yitmesinden bu kadar
\n\u015fikayet\u00e7i olduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar (s. 19). \u0130\u015fte bu g\u00fcven yitimi bir ba\u015fka
\npostmodern tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor: \u201c\u00dcst anlat\u0131lara inan\u00e7s\u0131zl\u0131k
\n(Lyotard, 1984, s. xxiv).<\/p>\n
\nzamanda bir emperyalizm ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fudur. Modernlik sadece
\nAvrupa\u2019da, Bat\u0131\u2019da, Kuzey\u2019de g\u00f6zlenebilir bir \u015fey de\u011fil. D\u00fcnyada bug\u00fcn
\ngenellikle onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olarak, onun modern olmayan d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak sunulan
\nolu\u015fumlar da modernizmin bir sonucudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin bug\u00fcn \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya diye
\nadland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p modernle\u015fme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lara yerle\u015ftirilerek, olsa olsa
\n\u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan diye nitelendirilen \u00fclkelerin hemen hepsi de eski
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdir. Onlar\u0131n \u201caz geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi kendi ontolojik olarak farkl\u0131, yabani,
\ngeleneksel, \u201cDo\u011fulu \u00f6tekiliklerinin bir sonucu olmay\u0131p, tersine,
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmelerinin, \u2018\u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci efendilerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131,
\nonun i\u00e7in de art\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcrge olarak de\u011fil de \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya olarak an\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131
\ng\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u201cpostkolonyal d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Postkolonyal s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc modernist
\nd\u00f6nemselle\u015ftirme temsilinde oldu\u011fu gibi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin art\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin sonras\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz bir d\u00f6nemi anlatm\u0131yor, anlatam\u0131yor. Bir
\ndefa – s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015flar\u0131n, sava\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n kazan\u0131mlar\u0131
\nulus-devlet milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi gibi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikten \u201ct\u00fcrevsel (derivative) bir
\nmetin yaz\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini not etmek zorunday\u0131z. Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan\u0131n
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin de\u011ferlerini i\u00e7selle\u015ftirdi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla modernizmin h\u00fck\u00fcmran
\n\u00f6znesi nezdinde kabul g\u00f6ren, tescilli, icazetli bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00f6z konusudur.
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmran \u00f6zne i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 de yabanc\u0131 olmay\u0131p, tan\u0131d\u0131k bir metin. Milliyet\u00e7ilik
\ni\u00e7eride fark tan\u0131maz bir birlik-b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ideolojisi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yeni ulusun i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki, asimilasyon yoluyla
\ntan\u0131madan yok sayma ve yok etmeye kadar dizi dizi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 kayda
\nd\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, yeni ulusun dahil oldu\u011fu uluslar aras\u0131 ve uluslar \u00fcst\u00fc ili\u015fkilerin
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na da gelmiyor. Tam tersine onun, Spivak\u2019\u0131n (1988)
\ndeyimiyle, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ili\u015fkisi benzeri bir \u201culuslararas\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen olarak yer almas\u0131 demek oluyor. B\u00f6ylece \u201cpostkolonyal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n
\ntescillenmesi ya da ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 icazet, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu tan\u0131d\u0131k kendi-\u00f6teki ili\u015fkisi
\nmetninin sorgulanmadan kabul\u00fcnden kaynaklan\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik h\u00fck\u00fcmran \u00f6znenin
\ngiderek uluslar \u00fcst\u00fc bir beden bulup bireyselle\u015fmesiyle bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z
\nulus-devletlerin daha da g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz, daha da uyruk k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemekteyiz.
\nUluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin uluslar \u00fcst\u00fc ve uluslar i\u00e7i ili\u015fkilerle kesi\u015fip
\neklemlenmesinden dolay\u0131 da yine s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen, h\u00fck\u00fcmran \u00f6zne-uyruk \u00f6teki
\nili\u015fkisini d\u0131\u015fsal bir ili\u015fki olarak g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Uluslararas\u0131
\nili\u015fkilerde uyruk konumda olmas\u0131 gereken bir \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u015firketi \u201cFortune 500 listesinde yer al\u0131rken,
\nBirinci D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkesi ABD\u2019nin en varl\u0131kl\u0131 kentlerinde evsiz
\nbarks\u0131zlar \u00e7\u00f6plerden ve yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flayabildikleriyle ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131
\ns\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7abal\u0131yorlar. Bunlar\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n, orada da asgari \u00fccretle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar,
\ny\u00f6netimin kendi belirledi\u011fi yoksulluk standard\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015famak zorundalar.
\nYani b\u00fct\u00fcn o \u015feytan-savma, onu d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya atma\/yans\u0131tma \u00e7abalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00f6teki
\nyine i\u00e7eride, tekinsiz, kendimizi en evimizde hissetti\u011fimiz yerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za
\n\u00e7\u0131k\u0131veriyor. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bir Birinci D\u00fcnya, Birinci D\u00fcnyan\u0131n
\ni\u00e7indeyse bir \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnyan\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k, melez bir dokuyla kar\u015f\u0131
\nkar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. <\/p>\n
\ndolay\u0131, basit\u00e7e s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikle bula\u015f\u0131k olmayan bir \u00f6tekilik ad\u0131na, kendi evinde
\nolan bir yerlilik ad\u0131na, h\u00fck\u00fcmran \u00f6zneye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Tekrar
\noryantalizm \u00f6rne\u011fine d\u00f6nersek, uyruksal kurgulan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131
\n\u00e7arp\u0131tmalara kar\u015f\u0131t olarak giri\u015filen \u201cger\u00e7ek olan Do\u011fu aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli
\nama\u00e7larla dile getirilen \u201c\u00f6tekini konu\u015fturmak dilekleri, hi\u00e7 de oryantalizme,
\nonun \u00f6tekini \u201cku\u015fa \u00e7evirmek, \u201cAdam etmek yoluyla tan\u0131yan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine
\nse\u00e7enek olmay\u0131p, onu daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Rey Chow\u2019un (1993) i\u015faret
\netti\u011fi gibi, oryantalizm ve yerlicilik (nativism) ayn\u0131 paran\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc ve
\ntersini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
\n\u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fil i\u00e7indedir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler sadece yabanc\u0131lar de\u011fil, daha
\n\u00e7ok ortaklar\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece sermaye tekelleri k\u00fcreselle\u015fmedi iktidar ve devlet de
\nk\u00fcreselle\u015fti. K\u00fcresel iktidar\u0131n i\u00e7i ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131 da kalmad\u0131. Ulusal
\naidiyetlerinin de hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nemi yoktur hepsi ortakt\u0131r. Askeri, ekonomik,
\nk\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayr\u0131m\u0131nda anlam\u0131 kalmad\u0131. Ortak dil \u0130ngilizce, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Anglo-sakson,
\naskeri \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc NATO, uluslar aras\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 BM\u2019dir. (A.\u00d6CALAN)\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n
\ndemenin h\u00fck\u00fcmran \u00f6zne olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmeye konumlanm\u0131\u015f olmak anlam\u0131na
\ngeldi\u011fine ve modernle\u015fme tarihinin ayn\u0131 zamanda bir emperyalizm ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik
\ntarihi oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Bu bak\u0131mdan postmodern ele\u015ftiriler i\u00e7in
\ns\u00f6ylenenler, bu ele\u015ftirilerin nas\u0131l modernin radikal-demokratik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na
\nolanak verdi\u011fini, postkolonyal ele\u015ftiriler i\u00e7in de dile getirilmektedir.
\nPostkolonyal ele\u015ftiriler de \u201cpostkolonyal diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz
\ndurumun kendi gelece\u011fine, \u00f6tekili\u011fine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yeniden, farkl\u0131 do\u011fu\u015flar\u0131na
\nolanak vermektedir. B\u00f6ylesi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n olabilmesi i\u00e7in de en ba\u015fta bizim
\n\u00f6tekini asimilasyon yoluyla tan\u0131mam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayan bilme bi\u00e7imimizi sorgulayarak
\nkendi kendimizi yeniden temsil etmemiz, yeniden dokuyup yazmam\u0131z gerekiyor \u2014 ki
\nbilip evcille\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz \u00f6tekini ve onu evcille\u015ftirerek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci iktidar\u0131n\u0131
\nkurdu\u011fumuz benli\u011fimizi kendi \u00f6tekilerine, kendi \u00f6tekili\u011fine a\u00e7abilelim.
\nB\u00f6ylelikle silip atmaya ve d\u0131\u015fla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7abalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6tekinin tekinsizce her
\nortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda onu bast\u0131rmaya \u00e7abalaman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ba\u015fkalar\u0131na de\u011fil kendi
\nkendimize de zarar verdi\u011finin, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 hepimize zindan etti\u011finin de bilincine
\nvarabilelim. <\/p>\n
\na\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde Hegel’in \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cEfendi-K\u00f6le Diyalekti\u011fi nde g\u00f6rebiliriz. \u201c\u00d6z bilin\u00e7
\nbir ba\u015fka \u00f6z bilin\u00e7 i\u00e7in var oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve ondan dolay\u0131 kendinde ve kendisi
\ni\u00e7in var olur yani ancak o kabul edilmi\u015f varl\u0131k olarak vard\u0131r. der. Tarih
\nboyu Bat\u0131- Do\u011fu\u2019yu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemi\u015f kendi hakk\u0131nda iyi, uygar, geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu
\nanlatmak i\u00e7in hayali bir do\u011fu yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 bilin\u00e7 bir \u00f6teki yaratm\u0131\u015f ve
\nbu yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6tekinin barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vah\u015fili\u011finde keyfiyetinden kendini bulmak
\nsuretiyle bir bilin\u00e7 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu bilin\u00e7 do\u011fuyu despotik olmakla su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f
\nve kendi kendisini temsil edemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015f ve t\u00fcm toplumlar\u0131 modernite ve
\n\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck getirme misyonunu kendinde g\u00f6rmektedir (Bulut 2004: 11-12).<\/p>\n
\nyakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda fark ediyoruz ki bar\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, demokrasi s\u00f6ylemi ile hareket
\neden Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar ve menfaat ile k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc
\nve s\u00f6ylemde \u00f6zg\u00fcr ama ger\u00e7ekte d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131 bir despotizme yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131
\ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Son noktada var olan sorunlar bir anda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na bat\u0131
\nd\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplumlara dayat\u0131l\u0131nca sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7aresizli\u011fi empoze
\netmek \u00e7arenin yine Bat\u0131\u2019dan gelece\u011fini vurgulayarak Bat\u0131 merkezci bir d\u00fcnya
\nsiyasetini peki\u015ftirmektedir. Bu durum Bat\u0131\u2019ya hakl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131rmakta ve mevcut
\negemenli\u011fini tescillemektedir. Sorununu kendi i\u00e7 dinamikleriyle \u00e7\u00f6zememe zaten
\ndespotik olmakla su\u00e7lanan Do\u011fu toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 daha da despot olmaya mahkum
\netmektedir.<\/p>\n
\nsava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ABD\u2019nin kapitalist sistemin hegemon g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmesiyle,
\nideolojik \u00fcretim merkezleri bu emperyalist g\u00fcc\u00fcn emrine girdi. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f
\ny\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikli hedef olarak SSCB k\u00f6t\u00fclenecek, Kore\u2019ye, Vietnam\u2019a ve Latin
\nAmerika\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik emperyalist sald\u0131rganl\u0131k kom\u00fcnist d\u0131\u015f-d\u00fc\u015fman \u00f6c\u00fcs\u00fcyle
\nme\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130srail\u2019in kurulmas\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck enerji
\nkaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 meselesi, ABD emperyalizmi i\u00e7in
\nOrtado\u011fu\u2019yu da vazge\u00e7ilmez k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Oryantalist ideologlara g\u00f6re
\n\u2018Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da kabul g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in, Amerikan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine kar\u015f\u0131
\nm\u00fccadele eden g\u00fc\u00e7leri daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131mas\u0131\u2019 gerekiyordu. B\u00f6ylece Amerika \u015eark
\nDerne\u011finin yan\u0131na, do\u011frudan devletin y\u00f6nlendirmesi ve denetimiyle Ortado\u011fu
\nEnstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Ortado\u011fu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Birli\u011fi (MESA) Ford Vakf\u0131, Hudson Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc,
\nPentagon ve \u00fcniversitelerdeki di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rma b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri gibi pek \u00e7ok ideolojik
\n\u00fcretim merkezleri eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\ngiren oryantalizm kendi alan\u0131nda daha da yetkinle\u015fmi\u015f, \u0130slam ve \u015eark tarihine
\nili\u015fkin ciltlerce kitaptan olu\u015fan bir k\u00fclliyat piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Amerikal\u0131
\noryantalistler daha \u00f6nceki gelene\u011fe, yani \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 ve \u015eark\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama ve
\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme gelene\u011fine aynen devam etmi\u015flerdir. D\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcnde ders
\nkitaplar\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseniyor, Arap dilinde her iki kelimeden birinin
\n\u015fiddet i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve Ortado\u011fu insan\u0131n\u0131n tek amac\u0131n\u0131n \u0130srail\u2019i yok
\netmek oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131l\u0131yor. Bat\u0131 de\u011ferlerini yok etmek isteyen cani M\u00fcsl\u00fcman
\n\u2018ter\u00f6rist\u2019 imgesi, daha 1970\u2019lerden itibaren kitlelere empoze edilmeye
\nba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130srail zulm\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fcnyaya duyurmak i\u00e7in u\u00e7ak ka\u00e7\u0131ran Filistin
\nKurtulu\u015f \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc militanlar\u0131, Bat\u0131 de\u011ferlerini yok etmek isteyen cani \u2018M\u00fcsl\u00fcman
\nter\u00f6ristler\u2019 olarak sunulurken, bu konuyu i\u015fleyen filmlerde Amerikal\u0131
\nkahramanlar, her zamanki gibi \u2018ter\u00f6ristlere\u2019 hadlerini bildiriyor ve uygar
\nd\u00fcnyay\u0131 canilerden kurtar\u0131yordu!<\/p>\n
\nter\u00f6rizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u2019 d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7erisinde, askeri hakimiyet ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131k
\nhakk\u0131nda buna denk gerek\u00e7eler duymaya devam diyoruz. Buna g\u00f6re askeri
\n\u00e7abalar\u0131n etkisiyle insanlara \u015fuan da sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018demokrasi\u2019 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f
\nolacak, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sava\u015f\u0131n ve hakimiyetin k\u0131sa vadedeki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na katlanmak
\nzorunda kalsalar da, uzun vadede onlar\u0131n yarar\u0131na olacakt\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu t\u00fcr
\narg\u00fcmanlar, on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda (s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik faaliyetleri) oldu\u011fu gibi,
\nmuktedirlerin ta\u015f\u0131ma kemerleri olan kadrolar\u0131 ile hakimiyete do\u011frudan maruz
\nkalacak kadrolar\u0131n hi\u00e7 olmazsa baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ikna etmek i\u00e7in
\nyap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Me\u015fruiyetin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fczeyinin ger\u00e7ek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine, on alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve
\nyirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda da sahip de\u011filiz. Ama yine de me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma tarz\u0131n\u0131n,
\n\u00e7ok fazla y\u0131prand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekiyor. Bunun nedeni be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan beri,
\nvah\u015fice g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uzun vadeli etkilerini g\u00f6rmekteyiz ve etkilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck
\noranda olumlu oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 insanlara gitgide art\u0131k inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 gelmemektedir.
\nSonu\u00e7 olarak bu arg\u00fcman art\u0131k, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fczenini
\nme\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmaya pek yaram\u0131yor. Oryantalist tarz\u0131n daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol
\n\u00fcstlenmesinin nedenlerinden en \u00f6nemlisi de on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren
\nba\u015flayan bu y\u0131pranmaya kar\u015f\u0131 bir politik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m y\u00f6ntemidir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam\u0131n,
\nkurnaz adam\u0131n, hakimiyetini entelekt\u00fcel olarak me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Oryantalizm
\ntarz\u0131na ba\u015fvurmalar\u0131, kendi iktidarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir direni\u015f g\u00f6sterebilen
\nve yetenekleriyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve kurnaz adam\u0131n en iyi kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilen
\ngruplarla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 itiraf etmelerinin bir i\u015faretidir.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n
\nise \u2018ter\u00f6rist M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019 propagandas\u0131na daha da h\u0131z verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n
\nter\u00f6rizmle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesi ve uygulanan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 politikalar ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kitlelere
\npotansiyel ter\u00f6rist damgas\u0131 vurulmaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019deki ideolojik merkezlerin en
\ntemel \u00f6zelli\u011fi, Amerikan emperyalizminin g\u00fcndemine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcncel siyasal
\nmeseleler hakk\u0131nda tarihsel-ideolojik kan\u0131tlar bulmak, bulamad\u0131klar\u0131 durumlarda
\nise tarihsel olaylar\u0131 istedikleri gibi kurgulayarak yeniden yazmakt\u0131r. \u015eark ve
\n\u0130slam tarihi \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok kitapta bunu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6zellikle
\n11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019den sonra yaz\u0131lan ve g\u00fcncel geli\u015fmeleri tarihin belirli d\u00f6nemlerindeki
\nolaylarla ili\u015fkilendiren kitaplarda bu keyfilik daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu ba\u011flam
\nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u0130slam ile ter\u00f6rizmin ili\u015fkisi, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u2018i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc\u2019, Arap ve
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman tehlikesi gibi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar ta\u015f\u0131yan say\u0131s\u0131z kitap Amerika\u2019da
\nkitap\u00e7\u0131 raflar\u0131n\u0131 doldurmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00f6nde gelen \u0130slam uzman\u0131 Bernard
\nLewis, Ha\u015fha\u015filer adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Hasan Sabah ile Bin Ladin aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kuruyor
\nve \u0130slam da \u2018ter\u00f6rizmin\u2019 bir s\u00fcreklilik arz etti\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.
\nLewis\u2019e g\u00f6re ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u015fiddet dalgas\u0131 yol almaya devam etmi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki
\ntaklit\u00e7ilerine yeni \u00f6fke, yeni kavga ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD emperyalizminin
\nuluslar aras\u0131 ter\u00f6rizm \u00f6c\u00fcs\u00fcyle kitlelerin ak\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndan al\u0131p
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelerinin ve ger\u00e7ekleri g\u00f6rmelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erek \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131
\nk\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, Lewis gibilerinin bu t\u00fcr kitaplar yazmas\u0131 tarih\u00e7i
\nmerak\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131yordur! \u00c7ok a\u00e7\u0131k ki yap\u0131lmak istenen, \u015fiddet ve ter\u00f6r\u00fcn
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131ndan geldi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak ve s\u00fcrekli bir d\u0131\u015f-d\u00fc\u015fman
\n\u00f6c\u00fcs\u00fcyle korkutulmu\u015f kitlelerdeki \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmektir.<\/p>\n
\nPentagon, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri, CIA gibi devlet kurumlar\u0131yla, petrol, silah, havac\u0131l\u0131k,
\nfinans tekelleriyle, film end\u00fcstrisiyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7en s\u00f6z konusu ideolojik
\nmerkezler, kendilerini \u2018d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yorlar ve ABD
\nemperyalizmi i\u00e7in muhtelif ideolojik arg\u00fcman ve hatta askeri strateji
\n\u00fcretiyorlar. Ye\u015fil ku\u015fak veya B\u00fcy\u00fck Ortado\u011fu Projeleri tarihin sonu,
\nmedeniyetler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam gibi projeleri s\u00f6z konusu ideolojik
\nmerkezlerin \u00fcretti\u011fini, k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ambalajlara sararak emperyalist y\u00f6netimin
\ndenetiminde piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlamak gerekiyor. Esas\u0131nda i\u00e7erdeki
\n\u00e7eli\u015fkileri bast\u0131rmak \u00fczere imal edilen bir d\u0131\u015f-d\u00fc\u015fman olarak \u0130slam, sanki
\ntarihsel bir ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131km\u0131\u015f gibi sunulan medeniyetler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 safsatas\u0131n\u0131n
\ni\u00e7ine oturtulmakta ve b\u00f6ylece de daha ikna edici hale getirilmektedir. \u0130lk kez
\n1993\u2019te ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan Samuel Huntington taraf\u0131ndan
\nortaya at\u0131lan medeniyetler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 safsatas\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya, \u2018birbirlerinden
\ntarih-dil-k\u00fclt\u00fcr-gelenek ve en \u00f6nemlisi din taraf\u0131ndan\u2019 ayr\u0131lan 7-8 k\u00fclt\u00fcre
\nb\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve sava\u015flar da bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrler-uygarl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r.
\nD\u00fcnya politikas\u0131n\u0131n gelecekteki ana ekseni. Bat\u0131 ve di\u011ferleri\u2019 aras\u0131ndaki
\n\u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve bat\u0131l\u0131 olmayan uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n Bat\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcne ve de\u011ferlerine verdi\u011fi
\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar olacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. (Hunhington)<\/p>\n
\n\u00f6zellikle incelikli olan ve potansiyel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olanlar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere
\nt\u00fcm \u00f6tekilerin \u00f6zselle\u015ftirme ve maddele\u015ftirme tarz\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde, Bat\u0131
\nd\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7kin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamaya gayret etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
\nOryantalizm, bir arg\u00fcman olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda ortadan kalkmad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 arg\u00fcman\u0131
\ng\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u2018medeniyetler \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u2019 hakk\u0131ndaki s\u00f6ylemde de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu
\ns\u00f6ylemin Bat\u0131l\u0131 iktidarlar i\u00e7in belli bir \u00e7ekicili\u011fi var olsa da, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n
\nBat\u0131l\u0131 olmayan b\u00f6lgelerinde bu \u00e7ekicilik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmamaktad\u0131r. Ya da daha
\ndo\u011fru bir ifadeyle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 olmayan b\u00f6lgeleri,
\ng\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u00f6z konusu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ters y\u00fcz ediyorlar. Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi i\u00e7inde
\ngeli\u015fen Bat\u0131l\u0131-H\u0131ristiyan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, insani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden hayli uzak ve
\neksiklerle dolu buluyorlar. Bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hakimiyetine kar\u015f\u0131, tersy\u00fcz edilmi\u015f
\nOryantalizm alt\u0131nda mutlaka sava\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ilan ediyorlar. K\u00f6ktencilik
\nile s\u00f6ylenmek istenen \u015fey tam da budur. H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6ktencili\u011fi i\u00e7inde ayn\u0131 \u015fey
\nge\u00e7erlidir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n
\na\u015famal\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir: Bu a\u015famalardan birincisini, temelde dini ama\u00e7larla
\nyap\u0131lanlar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans ve Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6nemlerini kapsayan ikinci
\na\u015famada ise, birincisine nazaran, k\u0131smen de olsa, bilgi edinme gayesiyle
\nbilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerle yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktay\u0131z. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde
\nyap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun, ilk d\u00f6nemde oldu\u011fu gibi,
\ndinsel \u00f6nyarg\u0131larla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmektedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son a\u015fama ise,
\nb\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin yay\u0131lmac\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci zihniyetlerinin bir sonucu
\nolarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nDo\u011fulu \u00fclkelerde uzun s\u00fcreli kalmak, onlar\u0131n yeralt\u0131 ve yer \u00fcst\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131ndan
\nazami derecede istifade etmek ve daha fazla b\u00f6lgeyi kontrolleri alt\u0131na almak
\ngayesiyle, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci siyaset g\u00fcden devlet adamlar\u0131 oryantalistlerle s\u0131k\u0131 bir
\nili\u015fki kurdular onlar\u0131n da askeri seferlere kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar ve
\nyay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikaya katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmalar\u0131 hususunda onlar\u0131
\ndesteklediler. Zira, Do\u011fu\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n kontrol edilme
\nsorunu g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f bu da Do\u011fulu halklar\u0131n, tarih, dil ve inan\u00e7lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan
\ngeni\u015f bir tahlile tabi tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu yapacak da elbette
\noryantalistlerden ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu durum, oryantalistlerin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge
\nb\u00f6lgelerinde bizzat devlet memuru olarak atanmalar\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furdu. Onlar\u0131n
\ng\u00f6revi, \u00f6zellikle ayaklanma ba\u015f g\u00f6steren s\u00f6m\u00fcrge b\u00f6lgelerinde bulunmak
\nsuretiyle, bu ayaklanmalar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki muhtemel, tarihsel, dilsel ve dinsel
\nsebepleri tespit etmek ve bunu ilgili mercilere rapor etmekti. Bir ba\u015fka
\ndeyi\u015fle, onlar\u0131n teoride \u00fcretti\u011fi veriler, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde takip edilen siyaseti
\ndo\u011frudan y\u00f6nlendiriyor, bunlar pratikte do\u011frudan uygulan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece,
\noryantalizm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sadece politik ve siyasal ama\u00e7larla yapmakla kar\u015f\u0131
\nkar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\ng\u00fcnl\u00fck-takip edilen siyasetin tekeline girmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte bu t\u00fcr oryantalizm
\nanlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u2018uygulamal\u0131 oryantalizm\u2019 (angewandte-gegenwartsbezogene
\nOrientalistik) olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n ilk temsilcisi olarak
\nHollandal\u0131 C.Snouck-Hurgronje (1857-1936) kabul edilmektedir, zira o,
\n\u201coryantalizm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131rf politik ve siyasal gayelerle y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi i\u00e7in
\ndo\u011frudan devlet memurlu\u011fu makam\u0131na getirilen ilk ki\u015fidir. Onu di\u011fer
\noryantalistler takip etti. Ancak bu ak\u0131m\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi olarak, me\u015fhur
\nAlman oryantalist C.H.Becker (1876-1933) g\u00f6sterilmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Becker, bilim
\nadaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimli\u011fi alt\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, sadece devlet memuru olarak
\nuygulamakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1925-1930) d\u00f6neminde bir
\npolitikac\u0131 ve devlet adam\u0131 olarak bu politikalar\u0131 bizzat y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Becker\u2019e
\ng\u00f6re her oryantalist, devletin takip edece\u011fi Do\u011fu politikas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla
\ndestek veren devletin bir memurudur ve yine her oryantalist Do\u011fulu d\u00fcnyay\u0131,
\n\u00f6\u011frenim seyahatleri ve k\u00fct\u00fcphane ziyaretleriyle tan\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da uygulamal\u0131
\nOryantalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6n\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. (Hanisch,)<\/p>\n