\t\t\t\t\t\t\t ![](\"http:\/\/www.lekolin.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2647-1.jpg\")
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n
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v:* behavior:url(#default#VML)
\no:* behavior:url(#default#VML)
\nw:* behavior:url(#default#VML)
\n.shape behavior:url(#default#VML) <\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vicen\u00e7 Fisas <\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n I \u2013 BARI\u015e S\u00dcREC\u0130NE G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n Giri\u015f <\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cBir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci, hem \u015fiddete son verebilecek bir anla\u015fma Bu y\u00fczden bir \u201cbar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde m\u00fczakere ve Bu nedenle, bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatmak ve geli\u015ftirmek Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci modelleri <\/strong><\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ve \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci \u0130lk model, yeniden entegrasyon, nadiren ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131na En yayg\u0131n modellerden biri olan ikinci model siyasi, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc model, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fka bir \u015fey kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elde Az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fkil etmekle birlikte d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci Son olarak be\u015finci model, \u201cge\u00e7ici siyasi yap\u0131 olarak Bar\u0131\u015f Aynalar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n Geli\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinde, arka plandaki \u00d6rne\u011fin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta iki tarafl\u0131 ve ortak bir alan\u0131n Bazen bu aynalar bir \u00fclkenin belli bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele Bir Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin temel a\u015famalar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00fcm bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zaman ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gere\u00adktirir ve \u00a0<\/p>\n M\u00dcZAKERE \u00d6NCES\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6n ke\u015fif (ara\u015ft\u0131rma) taraflar\u0131n ikna edilmesi Delegelerin \u00a0 <\/span>M\u00dcZAKERE <\/strong><\/p>\n Me\u015fru muhataplar esas akt\u00f6rler kapsaml\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m Ma\u011fdurlar G\u00fcndemin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi Geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u00e7in yeterli E\u011fer m\u00fczakere tatmin edici bir \u015fekilde ilerliyorsa asli Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki mutat evreler <\/strong><\/p>\n Ate\u015fkes <\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zl\u0131k <\/strong><\/p>\n Ate\u015fkes ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sona erdi\u011fi an\u00adlar de\u011fi\u015fkendir ve Uygulama anla\u015fmas\u0131 +Teyit + Anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc <\/strong><\/p>\n E\u011fer m\u00fczakere tatmin edici bir \u015fekilde ilerliyorsa asli Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olas\u0131 ate\u015fkes bildirilerinin ve\/veya Uluslararas\u0131 \u00a0<\/p>\n Bu insanlar anla\u015fmaya mahk\u00fbm mudur? Irak\u2019taki, Afganistan\u2019daki, \u00a0<\/span>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, \u00e7ok M\u00fczakerenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fcnyaya kar\u015f\u0131n Mali, Nijer, \u00c7ad, Etiyopya, S\u00fcre\u00e7 s\u00fcreleri ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisindeki turlar <\/strong><\/p>\n Guatemala ya da \u0130rlanda olaylar\u0131nda belirtildi\u011fi gibi, bar\u0131\u015f Kenya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve \u0131GaD\u2019\u0131n (H\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 kalk\u0131nma Bir tur senaryosu: ELN ile at\u0131lan ilk tur <\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6nemsiz gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen detaylar\u0131n, bu tura kat\u0131lan delege\u00adlerin Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti cephesinde Bar\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Temsilcili\u011fi\u2019nin \u201cT\u0131kanan s\u00fcre\u00e7ler . Bat\u0131 sahra vakas\u0131. <\/strong><\/p>\n Taraflar zamanla sabit bir konumda kalmak istediklerin\u00adden Asl\u0131nda, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletleri form\u00fcle Geli\u015fimin kaydedildi\u011fi m\u00fczakere turlar\u0131 ya da iki taraf i\u00e7in S\u00fcrece ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar <\/strong><\/p>\n Yukarda belirtildi\u011fi gibi pek \u00e7ok s\u00fcre\u00e7te, \u00f6zellikle en Her hal\u00fckarda belli bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine, daha sonra yar\u0131da Bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in gerekli 10 minimum ko\u015ful 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n Be\u015finci ko\u015ful, c\u00f6mertli\u011fi ve m\u00fczakere masas\u0131na otur\u00adma 2003 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin, daha belirgin olarak Endonezya Eldeki bu on \u015fartla birlikte uygun olan \u015fey, verilen bir se\u00adnaryo Bu y\u00fczde, birka\u00e7 \u00f6rne\u011fe yer vermek ad\u0131na kendimize Kolombiya\u2019da, Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki mutat tehlikeler <\/strong><\/p>\n Son y\u0131llardaki bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin geli\u015fimini g\u00f6zleyerek en \u0130kinci bir risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc de, nas\u0131l olursa olsun, d\u0131\u015f Bir di\u011fer mutat risk, mant\u0131ks\u0131z beklentiler i\u00e7ine girmektir. S\u00fcre\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lacak bir risk de anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n Benzer \u015fekilde s\u00fcre\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bir Bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinde en uygun olan \u00e7ok az akt\u00f6rle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme \u0130ster b\u00f6lgedeki silah ticaretinden, isterse kom\u015fu \u00fclke\u00adlere Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki mutat riskler <\/strong><\/p>\n Akt\u00f6rlerin tam olarak ikna edilememesi D\u0131\u015f deste\u011fin \u0130ki tanesinde (Endonezya ve Nepal) 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f S\u00fcre\u00e7lerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak dersler <\/strong><\/p>\n Stellenbosch \u00fcniversitesi, Tel Aviv \u00fcniversitesi, Ben Gurion 1) \u015fiddet ve g\u00fcvenlik konular\u0131 2) ekonomik fakt\u00f6rler 3) \u015eiddet ve g\u00fcvenlik konular\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 projeyi haz\u0131rlayanlara Ekonomik fakt\u00f6rlere gelince, bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, maalesef, Yabanc\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin rol\u00fc, anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak ad\u0131na D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc fakt\u00f6r pop\u00fcler yan\u0131tlar olacakt\u0131r. kamuo\u00adyunu harekete Semboller ve rit\u00fcellere gelirsek, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015funu teyit etti Son olarak, siyasal ya da anayasal bir d\u00fczenlemeye y\u00f6ne\u00adlik Yol haritalar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n Daha \u00f6nce bahsedildi\u011fi \u00fczere taraflar, bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci\u00adnin \u00d6rne\u011fin Kolombiya vakas\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler kalk\u0131nma Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin akt\u00f6rleri: kim ne yapar? <\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u015fta belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, daha s\u00fcrecin ilk dakikalar\u0131ndan Se\u00e7kinci model-Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 model <\/strong><\/p>\n de bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz akt\u00f6r Piramidin daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ikinci kademede, s\u00fcrece Piramidin temelinde, s\u00fcrecin tamam\u0131na destek veren sivil Ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131dan, s\u00fcre\u00e7teki farkl\u0131 evreler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne S\u00fcre\u00e7lerin son a\u015famas\u0131: anla\u015fmazl\u0131k sonras\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n Bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir anla\u015fman\u0131n Silahl\u0131 y\u00fczle\u015fmenin sona ermesi, maddi manevi zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f 1 \u2013 Demokratikle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine destek <\/strong><\/p>\n Devletin modernizasyonu Demokratik e\u011fitim G\u00fcvenlik yap\u0131s\u0131nda 2 \u2013 \u0130nsan haklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zetimi <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 e\u011fitimi \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 temsilcilerinin deste\u011fi 3 \u2013 Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin peki\u015ftirilmesi <\/strong><\/p>\n Anla\u015fmalar\u0131n teyit edilmesi Uzla\u015ft\u0131rma ve diyalog 4 \u2013 Siville\u015fme <\/strong><\/p>\n May\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin ve askeri b\u00fct\u00e7enin 5 \u2013 Eski muhariplerin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, terhisi ve Yer de\u011fi\u015fimi e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u0131da deste\u011fi Yeti\u015ftirme 6 \u2013 M\u00fcltecilerin ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne destek <\/strong><\/p>\n Acil insani yard\u0131m G\u0131da yard\u0131m\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131 Yerle\u015ftirme <\/p>\n 7 \u2013 Ma\u011fdurlara ve kurbanlar\u0131n ailelerine destek <\/strong><\/p>\n 8 \u2013 Tahrip olmu\u015f b\u00f6lgelerin \u0131slah\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n Yeniden alt yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 <\/p>\n Bir anla\u015fman\u0131n alt\u0131na imza atan istisnas\u0131z t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler, \u00e7ok Sudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi: se\u00e7men k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, silah ticareti, petrol Fildi\u015fi Sahili: se\u00e7imlerin ertelenmesi, asi birlikler aras\u0131 Burundi: eski muhariplerin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve terhisin\u00adde G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, sorunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkede de ortakt\u0131r \u00a0<\/p>\n II \u2013 KAR\u015eILA\u015eTIRMALI BARI\u015e S\u00dcREC\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm on \u00fclkede cereyan eden bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini \u00f6zet\u00adlemektedir: M\u00fczakereye oturma ve bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flama sebepleri El Salvador s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n 1980\u2019de FMln gerillalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkedeki militarist ve bask\u0131c\u0131 Ba\u015fkan cristiani ve FlMn\u2019nin Meksika\u2019da dile getirdi\u011fi talebe 1990\u2019\u0131n nisan ay\u0131nda Cenevre\u2019de, genel sekreterin huzurunda 1991 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n nisan ay\u0131nda Meksika\u2019da (\u015fehir \u2013 Meksika\u2019n\u0131n 1992\u2019nin Ocak ay\u0131nda genel af \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve Silahl\u0131 kuvvet\u00adlerin Anla\u015fman\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda belirleyici olan fakt\u00f6rler \u00e7ok Guatemala s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n Pek \u00e7ok bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci gibi Guatemala bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinde de ilk Dahas\u0131, b\u00f6lgesel bask\u0131, \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra nezake\u00adten 1986 ve 1987 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u201cdemokrasi yoluyla bar\u0131\u015f konu\u00adlu 1. 1990\u2019da, UrnG\u2019nin Ulusal Uzla\u015fma Komisyonu\u2019yla (cnr) ilk 1993\u2019te, ramiro de le\u00f3n\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, Son olarak 1996\u2019da 36 y\u0131ll\u0131k silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa son veren Kuzey \u0130rlanda s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n kuzey \u0130rlanda bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci de on y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1996\u2019n\u0131n haziran ay\u0131nda ilk ba\u015fta Sinn F\u00e9in olmadan, eski G\u00fcney Afrika s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n G\u00fcney Afrika s\u00fcreci k\u0131sa bir zamana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve ayr\u0131ca Sivil kat\u0131l\u0131m arac\u0131, Ulusal Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 iki tip yap\u0131yla 15.000 g\u00f6zlemciden olu\u015fuyordu. temelde Guatemala Sivil Tacikistan s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n 1992\u2019de, Tacikistan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rahmanov\u2019un genel 1994\u2019\u00fcn nisan ay\u0131nda, Moskova\u2019da kapsaml\u0131 bir g\u00fcn\u00addeme sahip 1995\u2019in may\u0131s ay\u0131nda Almat\u0131\u2019da (alma-ata) , tutuklular\u0131n 1997\u2019nin ocak ay\u0131nda acem D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Velayati\u2019nin G\u00fcvenlik konseyi UnMOt\u2019un talimat\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti ve Ulusal M\u00fczakerelerin pek \u00e7ok kilit noktas\u0131 vard\u0131: sava\u015f yorgunlu\u011fu Sierra Leone s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n 1991\u2019de, Foday Sankoh taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Devri\u00admci 1994\u2019te devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Strasser, rUF\u2019u H\u00fck\u00fcmetle m\u00fczakere 1997 Mart\u0131nda Sankoh Nijerya\u2019da tutukland\u0131 ve may\u0131s ay\u0131nda 1999\u2019da H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve asiler aras\u0131nda yeni m\u00fczakereler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n may\u0131s ay\u0131nda rUF taraf\u0131ndan 500 Mavi Bereli (BM G\u00fcney Sudan s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 1983\u2019e, G\u00fcney Sudanl\u0131 silahl\u0131 2002\u2019nin temmuz ay\u0131nda \u0131GaD\u2019\u0131n nezaretinde, 2011\u2019de Burundi s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n Burundi\u2019deki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 1983\u2019e, 300.000 Rwasa\u2019n\u0131n Fnl\u2019siyle yap\u0131lan ilk m\u00fczakereler, sonu\u00e7 nihayet 2008 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 arabu\u00adlucu Charles Nqakula\u2019n\u0131n Endonezya (A\u00e7e) s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n Endonezya (a\u00e7e) anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda, silahl\u0131 muhalif 2004 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frayan bu b\u00f6lgede 170.000 ki\u015finin Nepal s\u00fcreci <\/strong><\/p>\n anla\u015fmazl\u0131k 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Maocu gerillalar olan ne-pal Bahsi ge\u00e7en anla\u015fma a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki konular\u0131 i\u00e7ermekteydi: <\/p>\n 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nepal art\u0131k bir monar\u015fi de\u011fildi ve federal de\u00admokratik \u00a0<\/p>\n III \u2013 M\u00dcZAKEREYE G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, m\u00fczakere ve arabuluculuk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n 1945\u2019ten 1995\u2019e kadar vuku bulan uluslar aras\u0131 \u015fiddet Neredeyse m\u00fczakerelerin yar\u0131s\u0131 siyasi iktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla \u00dcniversiteli bir grup \u00f6\u011frenci, Siyasal Bilgiler ve Sosyoloji \u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda da benzer \u015feyler cereyan eder. Pek temel olarak ki\u015fiyi (person) sorundan (problem) ve s\u00fcre\u00e7ten M\u00fczakerelerdeki krizlerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebepleri <\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7ok yayg\u0131n olanlar <\/strong><\/p>\n Baz\u0131 arabuluculara kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan g\u00fcvensizlik ya da bu Olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n olanlar <\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6nceki anla\u015fmalar\u0131n ihlali ate\u015fkes zaman\u0131 \u015fiddet Bir Di\u011fer sebepler <\/strong><\/p>\n ayr\u0131k topluluklar\u0131 uzla\u015ft\u0131rmada zorluklar Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruma Ter\u00f6rist listesinde yer almalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n silahl\u0131 Bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatmak ya da peki\u015ftirmek aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla akademik olarak \u201csilahl\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeyen ama hala (resmi ya da gayri resmi) direk temaslar, (resmi ya da gayri Bir silahl\u0131 grubun Avrupa Birli\u011fi ya da Birle\u015fik Devletlerin Son iki y\u0131lda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ke\u015fif nitelikli ya da resmi Silahl\u0131 gruplarla yap\u0131lan bu m\u00fczakerelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Pek \u00e7ok olayda, \u00f6zellikle ilk a\u015famalarda, H\u00fck\u00fcmetler aray\u0131\u015f \u0130stisnas\u0131z hi\u00e7bir durumda, ister h\u00fck\u00fcmet heyetinden ister silahlar\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla tamamlanacak olan bir m\u00fczakere Bu zaruri temaslar, diyaloglar, ke\u015fifler ya da m\u00fczakereler, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Bu y\u00fczden neticede \u015fu s\u00f6ylenebilir ki silahl\u0131 Kent diplomasisi ve paralel diplomasi <\/strong><\/p>\n Bir m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flayan ya da ba\u015flamak isteyen resmi diplomasiyle (el\u00e7ilikler ya da uzman ki\u015filer yoluyla Resmi diplomasiye paralel ve ona uygun bi\u00e7imde hareket Hem paralel diplomasi hem de kent diplomasisi, sonradan bir Mayer\u2019in d\u00f6rt temel analitik arac\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n 1 \u2013 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa m\u00fcdahil olan \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n yetkisini ve – De\u011fi\u015fim sinyalleri var m\u0131 ya da olabilir mi? <\/p>\n 2 \u2013 Her bir taraf\u0131n duygular\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve – Hangi gruplar duygular\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmede daha becerikli? <\/p>\n – Hangi duygular bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f? <\/p>\n 3 \u2013 Anla\u015fmazl\u0131k zeminlerini ya da katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 <\/strong>anlamak -Sonradan daha karma\u015f\u0131k konulara girmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcven olu\u015fturan -k\u00f6klerin, anla\u015fmazl\u0131k tarihinin, g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 4 \u2013 A\u00e7\u0131k bir ileti\u015fim<\/strong> sa\u011flamak <\/p>\n Anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara arabuluculuk yap\u0131l\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2022
\nsa\u011flamak, hem de \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin arabuluculu\u011funun gerekebilece\u011fi m\u00fczakereler
\narac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bunu yerine getir\u00admek i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterilen bir \u00e7abad\u0131r. Ba\u015ftaki bu
\ntan\u0131mla bir \u201cs\u00fcrecin , anl\u0131k bir zaman dilimi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, diyalog ve mutabakat
\nyoluyla fiziksel \u015fiddete son verebilecek paktlar ya da anla\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7mak
\nve bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n yerine getirilmesiyle ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya
\n\u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015f yap\u0131sal \u015fiddetin \u00fcstesinden gelmeyi sa\u011flayacak yeni bir
\nilerleme ve geli\u015fim evresini ba\u015flatmak ad\u0131na, belirli bir zaman diliminde,
\n\u015fiddetin ve silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6nceki duruma son verecek anla\u015fmalar
\nyapmak i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015fterek bir \u00e7aba i\u00e7erisinde olan, zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f t\u00fcm akt\u00f6rlerin
\nd\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu zamana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir evre ya da a\u015famalar dizisi oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131
\n\u00e7izmek istiyorum. <\/p>\n
\narabuluculuk evresini b\u00fcnyesinde bulundurmaktad\u0131r, fakat bununla beraber,
\nzaruri olarak al\u0131nan karara riayet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bundan \u00f6te bir anlam
\nta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci, bir zirveden s\u00f6z edilmesine ve hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz en
\nbelirgini olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 ya da pakt\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6te
\noldu\u011fundan, e\u011fer ger\u00e7ekten \u015fiddetin sona ermesi di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra refah,
\nuyum, insani geli\u015fme, ki\u015fisel geli\u015fim ve sosyal adalet olarak anla\u015f\u0131lan yeni
\nbir yap\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f durumu olu\u015fturmaya mukte\u00addirse, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da irdelenecek birka\u00e7
\nnihai a\u015faman\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olmaktan daha \u00f6te bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131mamaktad\u0131r. Bu
\nba\u011flamda, hayata ge\u00e7irilen \u201cs\u00fcre\u00e7ler ve \u00f6zellikle anla\u015fmay\u0131 yerine getirmeye
\nmuktedir olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan s\u00f6zde kalan ve yar\u0131 yolda kesilen ba\u015fka s\u00fcre\u00e7ler
\nvard\u0131r, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak or\u00adtaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 beklentileri
\nkar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131klar\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, bu
\ndurumlarda, Orta Amerika buna \u015fahit olmu\u015ftur, silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde
\nzarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flere denk yahut onlardan daha \u00e7ok zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kurbanlar
\ndo\u011furabilen, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fanan siyasal \u015fiddet destekli yeni bir toplu \u015fiddet
\ndurumunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na rastlamak ola\u011fand\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nger\u00e7ek bir macera, belirsizlikler, engeller ve olas\u0131l\u0131klarla dolu zorlu bir
\ny\u00fczle\u015fme. Bunu ilk kez bir da\u011fa t\u0131rmanmayla k\u0131yaslayanlar vard\u0131r, ama
\n\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen, \u00e7o\u011funlukla en\u00adgebeli yoku\u015flar\u0131n ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ula\u015f\u0131lamaz
\ntepelerin g\u00f6ze al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden, bunun yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 risk ve muam\u00admalarla
\nberaber, r\u00f6lyef haritalar\u0131 olmadan t\u0131rman\u0131lacak bir da\u011f. E\u011fer bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinde
\narabuluculuk ve sa\u011flam sosyal destek yer al\u0131rsa, bu da\u011f benzetmesinde t\u0131rmanma
\nstrate\u00adjisi olu\u015fturmam\u0131zda bize yard\u0131m edecek bir rehberimizin olaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na
\ngelmektedir ve bu da rampada bize e\u015flik edenlerle, bizim i\u00e7in yoku\u015fu daha
\nkatlan\u0131labilir k\u0131lacak ve zirveye birlikte ula\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak ki\u015filerle
\nbirlikte ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n keyfini \u00e7\u0131karma ve ayr\u0131ca hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u015fey elde
\netmek anlam\u0131na gelir: ayr\u0131l\u0131k noktas\u0131na g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde geri d\u00f6nmek. <\/p>\n
\nmodelleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma bize bunlar\u0131n her anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n
\ntemelini olu\u015fturan talep t\u00fcr\u00fcyle \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili olduklar\u0131n\u0131
\ng\u00f6stermektedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ana temas\u0131 s\u00fcrecin modelini
\nbelirler. Bu ba\u011flamda be\u015f ana model \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz, yani, yeniden entegrasyon,
\niktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, m\u00fcbadele, g\u00fcven art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler ve \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netim. <\/p>\n
\nra\u011fmen en basit olan\u0131d\u0131r. Bir silahl\u0131 grubun, ekonomik yarar, profesyonel
\ndestek, sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim ve toplum hayat\u0131na adap\u00adte olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak
\nolanaklara kavu\u015facaklar\u0131 bir Str (Silahs\u0131zlanma, terhis ve Yeniden entegrasyon)
\nprogram\u0131na kat\u0131larak topluma yeniden entegre olmak i\u00e7in elde edece\u00adkleri
\nimkanlar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda silah b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Bu model Flec
\n\u00fcyeleriyle Kabinda\u2019n\u0131n Angola b\u00f6l\u00adgesinde ve Ninjalarla Kongo\u2019da izlenen
\nmodeldir. Bu ayr\u0131ca, temelde bu modeli silahl\u0131 gruplara \u201c\u00f6neriyor gibi yapan
\npek \u00e7ok H\u00fck\u00fcmetin de arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 modeldir, ama bu model silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n silah
\nb\u0131rakmaya ve nedensiz yere teslim olmaya raz\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cinfaz diyebilece\u011fimiz
\ndi\u011fer \u015feyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bu yeniden entegrasyon modeli,
\nba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tam olarak uyulmas\u0131 gere\u00adken Str\u2019ye nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131
\nkonusunda anla\u015fmaya varmak demektir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin plan ve programs\u0131z
\nhaz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve bunlara hak ettikleri \u00f6nemin verilmemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden muha\u00adriplerin
\nterhisi konusunda pek \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Muhariplerin silahlar\u0131 geri
\nalma ve su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen gruplar olu\u015fturma riskinin g\u00f6ze al\u0131nmas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nekonomik ve askeri iktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r, silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n, bir \u00fclkenin siyasal
\nliderli\u011fini almak ve oradan ekonomiyi ve askeriyeyi y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in iktidara
\ny\u00fckselmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7e\u015fitli silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n siyasal
\niktidar\u0131 payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in silah b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Burundi\u2019deki bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri Forces
\nNouvelles\u2019in (Yeni kuvvetler) H\u00fck\u00fcmetle iktidar\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fildi\u015fi
\nSahili\u2019ndeki bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri Liberya\u2019daki bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar\u0131n
\ni\u00e7 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara son veril\u00admesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda siyasal iktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n
\nsa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Di\u00e1\u00adlogo \u0131ntercongol\u00e9s\u2019eye (Kongolular aras\u0131 Diyalog) kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nKongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ya da kendi aralar\u0131nda
\n\u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan \u00e7e\u015fitli milis kuvvetleri bulu\u015fturan Ge\u00e7ici Federal H\u00fck\u00fcmet\u2019in
\nkuruldu\u011fu Somali\u2019deki bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, \u00e7ok uzun zamandan beri birbirine muhalif
\nakt\u00f6r\u00adleri bulu\u015fturan Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmetlere rastlaman\u0131n ola\u011fan bir durum oldu\u011fu bu
\nanla\u015fma t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Bu modelin dezavantaj\u0131, bahsi ge\u00e7en ge\u00e7ici
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmetlerde ekseriyetle eski silahl\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin yer almas\u0131 ve siyasi de\u011fi\u015fim
\ni\u00e7in de\u00admokratik ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yollarla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015f silahs\u0131z akt\u00f6r\u00adleri arka
\nplanda b\u0131rakmalar\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle siyasal iktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 modeli \u00e7o\u011fu kez,
\n\u00f6zellikle siyasal iktidara eri\u015fim \u00fclkenin do\u011fal zenginliklerine ula\u015f\u0131m sa\u011flayan
\nbakanl\u0131klar\u0131 kontrol olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ki b\u00f6ylece bu zenginliklerin
\nkullan\u0131m\u0131 kazan\u00e7lar konusunda sosyal payla\u015f\u0131ma hemen he-men hi\u00e7 e\u011filimi olmayan
\nakt\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenir hale gelecektir, \u201cganimet payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131
\ndiyebilece\u011fimiz di\u011fer mode\u00adlle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu modelin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama faydal\u0131
\ny\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgili di\u011fer bir \u00f6rnek, ganimet payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayan say\u0131s\u0131z
\nakt\u00f6r\u00fc memnun etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da bakanl\u0131kla (k\u0131rk kadar) H\u00fck\u00fcmetin
\naralar\u0131nda olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 frekanst\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nedildi\u011fi m\u00fcbadele dedi\u011fimiz \u015feydir. Bu modelin ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00e7e\u015fitli
\ndurumlarda, enerji ve g\u0131da teminiyle il\u00adgili g\u00fcvencelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Birle\u015fik
\nDevletler taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k pakt\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elindeki n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131
\nyok etmeye ba\u015flayan kuzey Kore\u2019nin izledi\u011fi t\u00fcr olan \u201cn\u00fckleer silahs\u0131zlanma
\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131rmazl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu modelin di\u011fer bir t\u00fcr\u00fc, \u0130srail ve Filistin
\naras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fman\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan \u201ctoprak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. el
\nSalvador ve Guate\u00admala gibi \u00fclkelerde bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7leri demokrasi ediniminin
\nmuadili olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. bir demokratik y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in gerekli
\nko\u015fullar\u0131 elde etmek bu \u00fclkelerde izlenen t\u00fcm m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinin temelini
\nolu\u015fturmu\u015ftur ve muhtemelen Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019yle m\u00fczakere ederken \u015fimdiye
\nkadar siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek gibi bir niyeti olmayan Kolombiyal\u0131 eln
\ngerillalar\u0131na rehberlik eden (ak\u00adsine, tarihindeki baz\u0131 anlarda Farc
\ngerillalar\u0131n\u0131n arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey olan da) b\u00fcy\u00fck ama\u00e7 de budur. Di\u011fer bir yandan bu
\nt\u00fcr, Maocular\u0131n \u00fclkede demokratik bir de\u011fi\u015fime yol a\u00e7an siyasi parti
\nplatformuna kat\u0131lmay\u0131 kabul ettikleri zaman Nepal\u2019de ya\u015fananlar\u0131 veya Afrika
\nUlusal Konseyi\u2019nin (anc), serbest se\u00e7im yoluyla siyasal iktidar\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131na
\nsebep olacak bir m\u00fczakere ve uzla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde yer almak i\u00e7in silah b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nG\u00fcney Afrika vakas\u0131n\u0131 da kapsamaktad\u0131r. Son olarak, bu modelin di\u011fer bir t\u00fcr\u00fc,
\n\u0131rak ve Afganistan gibi \u00fclkelerde, her iki \u00fclkedeki par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u011fl\u0131
\noldu\u011fundan i\u015fsizli\u011fin otomatikman bar\u0131\u015f olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flama garantisi olmamas\u0131na
\nkar\u015f\u0131n, bu \u00fclkelerde asayi\u015fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na izin verecek bir ortama kavu\u015fmak
\ni\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f mihraklar nezdinde \u00f6nko\u015ful olarak i\u015fsizli\u011fin gerekti\u011fi, \u201ci\u015fsizlik
\nyoluyla bar\u0131\u015f diyebilece\u011fimiz t\u00fcr olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nmodeli g\u00fcven art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemlere dayan\u0131r, bu model alt\u0131nda Ke\u015fmir
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in Hindistan ve Pakis\u00adtan taraf\u0131ndan izlenen s\u00fcre\u00e7
\ndesteklenmektedir. 2003\u2019ten beri her ilki \u00fclke de, ili\u015fkilerin
\niyile\u015ftirilmesine ve iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n, ya da kontrol Hatt\u0131\u2019n\u0131n,
\ngiderek daha az ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve m\u00fctekabil bir
\ndizi \u00f6nlem alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nlemin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, demiryolu ve
\nhavayoluyla ula\u015f\u0131m yeniden sa\u011fland\u0131, spor etkinlikleri d\u00fczenlendi (bilhassa
\nkriket), kendi (do\u011fduklar\u0131) \u015fehirlerini ziyaret etmeleri i\u00e7in vize verildi,
\nre\u015fit olanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yaya olarak ge\u00e7mesine izin verildi, uluslararas\u0131
\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k yapan otob\u00fcslerin say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00fclkelerin sahil
\ng\u00fcvenlikleri aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kuruldu, iki \u00fclkenin el\u00e7ili\u011finde de personel say\u0131s\u0131
\nartt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, her iki taraftaki tutsaklar serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve daha pek \u00e7ok \u015feye
\nimza at\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda, posta hizmetleri, demiryolu ve kara yolu
\nula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yeniden sa\u011flanarak, diplomatik ili\u015fkilere yeniden ba\u015flanarak, temas
\nb\u00f6lgelerindeki may\u0131nlar temizlenerek, iki taraf\u0131n da ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yapt\u0131klar\u0131
\nhatalar\u0131 kabul etmesiyle, (amac\u0131na uygun ve berabere sonu\u00e7lanan) dostluk
\nma\u00e7lar\u0131 yaparak ve insani yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderilerek iki Kore aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin
\niyile\u015ftirilmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcven art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe
\nkonuldu. Di\u011fer bir yandan yine 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sri Lanka\u2019da milis gruplar\u0131n
\nsilahs\u0131zlanmas\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n tekrar a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, silahs\u0131z gerillalar\u0131n serbest
\ndola\u015f\u0131m\u0131, gerillalar\u0131n siyasi makam a\u00e7mas\u0131, askerler ve gerillalar taraf\u0131ndan
\nkiliselerin ve okullar\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131, askerlere gerillalar\u0131n kontrol etti\u011fi
\nb\u00f6l\u00adgelerde bal\u0131k tutmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in izin verilmesi, gerillalar\u0131n yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131
\ndavran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 durdurmas\u0131, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n askere al\u0131nmamas\u0131, ta\u00adhrip olmu\u015f
\nb\u00f6lgelerin \u0131slah\u0131, m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusun geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, may\u0131nl\u0131
\nb\u00f6lgelerin temizlenmesi, savunma b\u00fct\u00e7esinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f konferans\u0131n\u0131n
\ntoplanmas\u0131na, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kredi verilmesine ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn
\nekonomik geli\u015fimiyle ilgili kararlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7suz bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda
\ny\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konan g\u00fcven art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemleri g\u00f6rmek dikkat \u00e7ekmek ilgin\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r.
\nNe yaz\u0131k ki Sri Lanka vakas\u0131nda bu \u00f6nlemler, 26 y\u0131ll\u0131k anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan
\nTamil Elam kurtulu\u015f kaplanlar\u0131 (ltte) Tamil gerilla birli\u011finin yenilmesi
\nneticesinde 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda aniden kesilen m\u00fczake\u00adrelerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in
\nyeterli de\u011fildi. <\/p>\n
\nadland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m otonomi ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talepleri bulunan b\u00f6lgelerde bir t\u00fcr \u00f6zerk
\ny\u00f6netim elde edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da, Endonezya\u2019da (A\u00e7e
\nb\u00f6lgesinde) ya da Sudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flayan ve Filipinlerde M\u0131lF\u2019le
\nm\u00fczakerelerin temelini olu\u015fturan modeldir. \u00d6zerk y\u00f6netim, yaln\u0131zca bu b\u00f6lgeye
\notonom bir stat\u00fc vermeye niyetli olan Fas\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7me
\nolana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimle ilgili bir referandum isteyen Sahravi\u2019lerin
\n(Bat\u0131 Sahra\u2019da ya\u015fayan etnik grup) de talep etti\u011fi \u015feydir. Her hal\u00fckarda bu
\nmodel g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde var olan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n en az\u0131ndan %40\u2019\u0131na cevap vermelidir,
\nbu y\u00fczden etnik, siya\u00adsi, dil, din ve demografik bir grubun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7
\na\u015famas\u0131ndaki taleplerini kar\u015f\u0131layacak uygun form\u00fcl\u00fc bulmak i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u00adzakere
\ns\u00fcrecinde \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimle ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6neriye (otonomi, konfederasyon,
\nsimetrik ve asimetrik federal yap\u0131 (simetrik ve asimetrik federalizm), ortak
\nh\u00e2kimiyet (ortak egemenlik), ba\u011fl\u0131 devletler, karma devlet t\u00fcrleri vb.)
\nba\u015fvurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nkonudan ya da bir aynaym\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na, ba\u015fka bir kontekste izlenen metodoloji ya da
\nprosed\u00fcrden ilham al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n ve bunlara y\u00f6nelik her bir
\nbar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin ya da m\u00fczakerenin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen her birinin
\ndi\u011ferlerinin durumuna ilgi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi durumlar\u0131n olmas\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r bu y\u00fczden
\nbir s\u00fcrecin akt\u00f6r\u00adlerinin (ister H\u00fck\u00fcmetler, ister silahl\u0131 gruplar, ister her
\nikisi birden olsun) detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleme yapmas\u0131, ak\u0131l dan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve
\ns\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7in ya da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 veya gelecekte kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilecekleri
\nsorunlara bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu bulmak i\u00e7in bir ilham aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla di\u011fer kontekstleri
\nziyaret etmeleri ola\u011fand\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nolu\u015fumunda, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Bel\u00e7ika\u2019daki federal modelden
\nesinlenilmi\u015ftir Bask B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc sol her zaman \u0130rlanda ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da
\nizlenen metodolo\u00adjiyi referans alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ikincisi, ilkinin aynas\u0131 ve referans\u0131
\ndurumundad\u0131r. \u0130rlanda da Ke\u015fmir b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda model te\u015fkil
\neder, Filipinli M\u0131lF\u2019ler otonom yap\u0131yla ilgili tecr\u00fcbeleri hakk\u0131nda bir \u015feyler
\n\u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in oraya kadar seyahat etmi\u015flerdir, ayr\u0131ca Do\u011fu Timor, Sudan\u2019\u0131n
\ng\u00fcneyi ve Bosna\u2019da ya\u015fananlar da ilgilerini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Somali\u2019de Ruanda\u2019daki
\nyarg\u0131 deneyimi g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir, Kosova\u2019da (S\u0131rbistan) Hong Kong ve Aland Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki
\n(Danimarka) olaylar dikkatle incelenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7e\u015fitli etnik gruplar\u0131n otonom yap\u0131
\ntalep ettikleri Myanmar\u2019da (Burma) Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n A\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesinde izlenen
\ndeneyimi g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in aynaya bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu s\u0131rada \u00c7in\u2019de ele ge\u00e7irilen Sin-can
\nUygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019yle ilgili olay\u0131 inceleyen Tayland cephesinin ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 da
\nA\u00e7e\u2019dir. G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da bilfiil otonom yap\u0131ya sahip Abhazya b\u00f6lgesi, \u0130talyan alto
\nAdige b\u00f6lgesinin otonom yap\u0131 deneyimini dikkatle takip etmi\u015ftir Irak\u2019\u0131n siyasi
\nliderleri, bu esnada, Almanya\u2019y\u0131 dikkatle izlemi\u015f ve Almanya\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret
\netmi\u015flerdir ve son olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki K\u00fcrtler ulusal projelerinin dizayn\u0131 i\u00e7in
\nesin kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak Avrupa\u2019daki \u00e7e\u015fitli modellerle (\u0130spanya, \u0130sko\u00e7ya\/Galler,
\n\u0130talya) ve Birle\u015fik Devletlerdeki modelle ilgilenmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
\nald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da ba\u015fka bir grupla benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131yan silahl\u0131 bir grupla m\u00fccadele
\netti\u011fi y\u00f6nteme referans bulmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, nPa\u2019n\u0131n
\n(Yeni Halk Ordusu), politik kolu nDF (Ulusal Demokratik cephe) 80\u2019lerde el
\nSalvador\u2019da H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve FMln (Farabundo Mart\u00ed Ulusal kurtulu\u015f cephesi) aras\u0131nda
\ny\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini \u00f6\u011frenmek istemi\u015ftir, Filipinlerin kom\u00fcnist geri\u00adllalarla
\naras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgilendi\u011fi zaman Kolombiya\u2019da
\nya\u015fanan durumdur. <\/p>\n
\nbunun g\u00f6stergesi, bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flanmas\u0131 ve bunun meyve vermesi i\u00e7in
\nnormal olarak uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 istisnayla beraber genel anla\u00admda,
\nzaman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fczakerelere ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n ne oldu\u011funun az \u00e7ok
\nbilindi\u011fi bir \u015fablon izlenir. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci m\u00fcdahillerin (ka\u015fifler), bir
\n\u015feylerden vazge\u00e7\u00admek zorunda kalacaklar\u0131 m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flayamaya
\nger\u00e7ekten istekli taraflar\u0131n ikna edilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n m\u00fczakere olarak da
\nadland\u0131r\u0131lan ilk ke\u015fif, ya da deneme, a\u015famas\u0131yla i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. Bu an \u00e7ok
\nkritiktir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011funlukla, yeniden silahlanmak i\u00e7in dikkat da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 bir
\nmanevra olarak zaman kazanmak, eylemsizlik ya da sadece stratejinin
\nhesaplanmas\u0131 ad\u0131na taraflardan, H\u00fck\u00fcmet ya da silahl\u0131 gruptan biri tam olarak ikna
\nolmadan m\u00fczake\u00adrelere ba\u015flan\u0131r. E\u011fer \u00f6yleyse, ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda,
\nm\u00fczakereler ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmaya mahk\u00fbmdur. Bu 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kolombiya, Caguan\u2019da
\nFarc ve Andr\u00e9s Pastrana H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanan
\ng\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen durumdur. Kendilerini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve daha kuvvetli g\u00f6ren
\nFarc daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7lenmek i\u00e7in an\u0131 ya\u015famak ad\u0131na m\u00fczakerelere y\u00f6n verdi, bu
\ny\u00fczden zamandan faydalanacaklar\u0131 ama ilerleme kaydedilemeyen son derece yava\u015f
\nbir metodoloji se\u00e7tiler. Bu denemenin son derece k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fekilde
\nba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla, on y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcrenin m\u00fczakeresiz
\nge\u00e7mesine neden olmu\u015f bir tetikleyici, bir u\u00e7ak ka\u00e7\u0131rma olay\u0131, ek\u00adsikti. Bar\u0131\u015f
\nya da y\u00fczle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bu aldatmacalar\u0131n pahal\u0131ya patlamaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\ng\u00fcvenli\u011fi riayet etme garantisi Metodoloji ve prosed\u00fcr G\u00fcndemin belirlenmesi
\nMuhtemel yol haritas\u0131 Meta anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 aldatmacalar\u0131
\nbir kenara b\u0131rakma G\u00fcven sa\u011flama kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin
\nrol\u00fcn\u00fc kararla\u015ft\u0131rmak<\/p>\n
\ni\u015ftirak etmez, ama hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131rlar Herkes kazan\u0131r, hi\u00e7 kimse kaybetmez <\/p>\n
\n\u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fahsi m\u00fcnasebete ge\u00e7ilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 nihai anla\u015fma gerekir, talepte
\nbulunanlar aras\u0131nda yer almasalar da anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde kilit
\nnoktadad\u0131rlar. Bir masaya akt\u00f6rlerin dostlar\u0131n\u0131 davet etmenin anlam\u0131 yoktur,
\ntabi ki daha rahatlat\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r, ama ger\u00e7ek muhalifler olmalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda. Bu
\nm\u00fczakerenin gerek\u00e7esi, muhalif taraflara \u201cher\u00adkes kazan\u0131r, hi\u00e7 kimse kaybetmez
\n\u015femas\u0131yla, yani, birinin kazan\u0131p di\u011ferinin kaybetti\u011fi s\u0131f\u0131r toplam yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131
\ndikkate al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u201cben kazan\u0131rsam sen de kazan\u0131rs\u0131n \u015femas\u0131yla ortak \u00e7\u0131kar
\nsa\u011flama fikrinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zihinsel bir prizma alt\u0131nda diyalog
\nkurabileceklerini hissettirmektir. <\/p>\n
\ng\u00fcndem konular\u0131 (zaten daha \u00f6nce kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f esas g\u00fcn\u00addem konular\u0131) ele
\nal\u0131nabilecek ve zaten g\u00fcven sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f <\/p>\n![](\"UsersHPAppDataLocalTempmsohtmlclip1%EF%BF%BD1clip_image002.jpg\")
<\/span><\/p>\n
\nm\u00fczakere s\u00fcreci\u00adnin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r <\/p>\n
\ng\u00fcndem konular\u0131 (zaten daha \u00f6nce kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f esas g\u00fcn\u00addem konular\u0131) ele
\nal\u0131nabilecek ve zaten g\u00fcven sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ilgili protokollerle
\nbirlikte nas\u0131l yerine getirilece\u011finin ve bunu kimin uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n
\nbelirlenece\u011fi bir nihai anla\u015fma sa\u011flanmas\u0131na izin verecek bir anla\u015fmaya ya da
\nen az\u0131ndan k\u0131smi anla\u015fmalara var\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak olan \u015fahsi
\nm\u00fcnasebete ge\u00e7ilecektir. Nihayetinde bu bizi, uygu\u00adlama anla\u015fmalar\u0131na, teyit
\nformlar\u0131na ve son a\u015famalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek olas\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n nas\u0131l
\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fine g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir. <\/p>\n
\n\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 (U\u0130k) ilkelerine riayetle ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fundan daha \u00e7ok sivil
\nn\u00fcfusa y\u00f6nelik eylemlerin (taciz, tehdit, alt yap\u0131 tesislerinin tahribi, adam
\nka\u00e7\u0131rma vb.) son verildi\u011fi ate\u015fkes olarak da anla\u015f\u0131lan, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n sona er\u00admesiyle
\nilgili olas\u0131 bildirilerin kontrol edilmesi gerekecektir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bar\u0131\u015f
\ns\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve s\u00fcrecin yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar <\/p>\n
\n\u0130srail-Filistin\u2019deki ya da \u00e7ok uzun zamand\u0131r devam eden di\u011fer anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar
\ngibi b\u00f6ylesine karma\u015f\u0131k anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tam tersi bir durum
\ng\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Bununla birlikte 1960\u2019larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcren
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131klarla ilgili bir istatistik bizlere bahsi ge\u00e7en anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n
\nhala \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmemi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ya da ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr anla\u015fmayla sonu\u00e7land\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131
\ng\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n
\ndaha fazla anla\u015fmazl\u0131k (3 kat) ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr anla\u015fmayla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131rken,
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n sadece \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc taraflardan birinin zaferi ve
\ndi\u011ferinin yenilgisiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcne kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n bir g\u00fcn bir m\u00fczakere masas\u0131nda sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ummak i\u00e7in
\nyeterince sebep vard\u0131r. Ne kadar zorlu ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olsalar da mevcut
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011funun askeri y\u00fczle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yolla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcyle
\nilgili umudumuzu devam ettirmemizi sa\u011flayan m\u00fczakere k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hakim oldu\u011fu
\nbir \u00e7a\u011fday\u0131z. Endonezya (A\u00e7e), kuzey \u0130rlanda, Sudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi, Nepal, Burundi
\nya da L\u00fcbnan gibi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 kontekstlerde bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanmas\u0131na olanak vermi\u015f ve
\narkalar\u0131nda onlarca, y\u00fczlerce, hatta binlerce ma\u011fdur b\u0131rakarak onlarca y\u0131l
\ns\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara son vermi\u015f, be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k 2005-20091 <\/sup>d\u00f6neminde
\nimzalanan 25 anla\u015fmada bu m\u00fczakere k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen m\u00fczakere
\nk\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fcr\u00fc, 2010\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131nda hala m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, 17\u2019si silahl\u0131
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131k olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan 20 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik bir iyimserlik
\n\u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nEritre, Nijerya, Orta Afrika cumhuriyet, Sudan, Uganda, Bat\u0131 Sahra, Filipinler,
\nHindistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, \u00c7in, Tayvan, Ermenistan, Azerbaycan,
\nG\u00fcrcistan, Rusya (Kosova), Moldova, T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130srail ve Filistin gibi \u00fclke\u00adlerde,
\nfarkl\u0131 konsolidasyon d\u00fczeylerinde olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00e7ok say\u0131da s\u00fcre\u00e7
\nba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilhassa kesintiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve s\u0131k s\u0131k kriz anlar\u0131na sahne olan ama
\nuygun ko\u015fullar sa\u011flan\u0131rsa olas\u0131 bir olumlu sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcmit etmemize olanak
\nveren minimum d\u00fczeyde m\u00fczakere yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\ns\u00fcre\u00e7leri nadiren \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u00c7o\u011funlukla
\non y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre gerekir ve birka\u00e7 y\u0131l daha s\u00fcrmesi normaldir. \u0130lk ke\u015fif
\ntemaslar\u0131ndan nihai anla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131na kadar uzun bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7er ve bu esnada
\ndiyalog turlar\u0131, muhtemel ate\u015fkesler ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerle m\u00fczakere s\u00fcreci
\npeki\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Genelde ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ba\u015flayana kadar uzun
\nzaman ge\u00e7er (Filipinlerde M\u0131lF\u2019le 15, Sri Lanka\u2019da ltte\u2019yle 10, Sudan\u2019da
\nSPla\u2019yla (Sudan Halk kurtulu\u015f Ordusu) 11, Kolombiya\u2019da eln\u2019yle 27 y\u0131l
\nbeklenmi\u015ftir) ve bir kez ilk temas sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131llarca, duruma g\u00f6re aylar ya
\nda y\u0131llar alabilecek, m\u00fczakere turlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi elzemdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015f\u00f6yle
\nki, 1991\u2019den 2007\u2019ye kadar ge\u00e7en 17 y\u0131l boyunca ELN ve Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti alt\u0131
\nm\u00fczakere a\u015famas\u0131 ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir: ilki 1991\u2019de, Karakas ve Tlaxcala\u2019da ikincisi
\n1998\u2019de Madrid\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc 1999\u2019da K\u00fcba\u2019da d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00adc\u00fcs\u00fc 2002\u2019de yine K\u00fcba\u2019da
\nbe\u015fincisi 2004\u2019te Meksika\u2019da ve alt\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131 2005\u2019in aral\u0131k ve 2007\u2019nin ekim ay\u0131
\naras\u0131nda K\u00fcba\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu son a\u015famada, Karakas\u2019ta de\u00adlegelerin
\n\u00f6nceki iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler Havana\u2019da olmak \u00fczere sekiz tur
\nat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fczakereler olumlu bir sonu\u00e7 elde edilemeden son buldu ve bu
\nsat\u0131rlar\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnada ba\u015flayan bir m\u00fczakere yoktu. <\/p>\n
\nOtoritesi) finanse etti\u011fi Sudan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve SPla aras\u0131ndaki bar\u0131\u015f
\ng\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde, ayl\u0131k bazda say\u0131s\u0131 dokuzu bulan m\u00fczakere turu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti ve
\npek \u00e7ok turun at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, (\u015fehir i\u00e7erisinde \u0130slam hukukuna ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve
\nkaynak da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, askeri g\u00fcvenlik ve g\u00fcneydeki \u00fc\u00e7 vilayetin stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle ilgili
\nana s\u00f6zle\u015fme gibi)daha karma\u015f\u0131k olanlar\u0131n haricinde, her bir m\u00fczakere turunun
\nfarkl\u0131 bir temas\u0131 vard\u0131. Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ELN \u00fcyelerinin toplanmas\u0131 ve
\nkimliklerinin saptanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti\u011finde son m\u00fczakere turunun yar\u0131da
\nkesildi\u011fi ELN\u2019nin giri\u015fimleriyle aras\u0131ndaki fark \u015fudur ki SPla\u2019yla yap\u0131lan
\nm\u00fczakere, daha \u00f6nce prose\u00add\u00fcr\u00fcn temas\u0131yla ilgili m\u00fczakerede ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanan
\ng\u00fcndemle ilgili asli konular\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu y\u00fczden, temel \u015fartlar konusunda
\nanla\u015fma sa\u011flanamamas\u0131 ve asli konular\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclememesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla
\nsonu\u00e7lanmaya mahk\u00fbm bir m\u00fczake\u00adrede hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015famamam\u0131z ve h\u00fcsrana
\nu\u011framamam\u0131z i\u00e7in prosed\u00fcrle ilgili konular\u0131n, i\u015fleri nas\u0131l ve hangi \u015fekilde
\nhalledece\u011fimizin, m\u00fczakere \u00f6ncesi evrede, yani, ke\u015fif a\u015famas\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131
\n\u00f6nemlidir. <\/p>\n
\ngerekli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri yapmak i\u00e7in kendilerini yeterince rahat hissetmeleri ad\u0131na
\nbelirleyici bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fczake\u00adrelerde bir turun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi, do\u011fru bir
\n\u015fekilde yerine getirilmesi ad\u0131na, tam bir altyap\u0131 deste\u011fi gerektirmektedir.
\n\u00d6rnek olarak, 2005 Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Havana \u015fehrinde ELN ve Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti
\naras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen, i\u015ftirak\u00e7ilerin, sonunda ulusal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n hedef al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Kolombiya
\nhalk\u0131n\u0131n bundan fayda sa\u011flayacak as\u0131l ki\u015filer oldu\u011fu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te ilerle\u00adme
\nkaydetme isteklerini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 ilk m\u00fczakere turunda ge\u00e7en senaryoyu
\ndetayl\u0131ca anlatmaya devam ediyoruz. Yine de bu basit raporu a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in
\ngelecek evrelerde (ikinci tur 2006 \u015eubat\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir) ke\u015fiflere
\ns\u00fcreklilik kazand\u0131rmak ad\u0131na iki taraf\u0131nda derinlemesine irdelendi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli
\ntoplant\u0131 g\u00fcnlerinden bahsetmek gerekir. <\/p>\n
\nmuhatab\u0131 olarak Luis Carlos Restrepo yer ald\u0131, ELN cephesinde bahsi ge\u00e7en
\ngerilla s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Pacho Gal\u00e1n ve Merkez Komite\u2019nin (cOce) \u00fcyesi Antonio Garc\u00eda
\ng\u00f6rev ald\u0131. Kentin kenar mahallesinde, g\u00fcvenli ve insanlar\u0131n nadiren
\nkulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu y\u00fczden bu tip bir etkinli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ideal bir
\nyerde, diplomatik bir b\u00f6lgede yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bina olan Otel Palco\u2019nun
\n\u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kez bir araya geldiler. Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan
\nizin verilen ELN\u2019yle bulu\u015fma noktas\u0131 ve ELN s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fcyle konu\u015fmak ve ona farkl\u0131
\nsosyal kesimler hakk\u0131ndaki kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 iletmek i\u00e7in toplumun \u00e7e\u015fitli
\nz\u00fcmrelerinden y\u00fczlerce temsilcinin gelip gitti\u011fi bir yer olan Medellin Bar\u0131\u015f
\nYuvas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na aylarca destek vermi\u015f be\u015f garant\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen
\nsivil halk delegelere e\u015flik etmi\u015ftir. Oteldeki toplant\u0131lar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda
\nberaberinde gelen \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin temsilcileri sahne alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u0130spanya, Norve\u00e7 ve
\n\u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin diplomatlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sorunsuz gitmesi i\u00e7in bilgi ve
\nbecerilerini payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu diplomatlar\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fmanlardan olu\u015fan ekipleri
\nvard\u0131. K\u00fcba, kendi ad\u0131na, ev sahibi \u00fclke olarak hareket etti ve bu s\u0131fatla
\ntoplant\u0131n\u0131n sorunsuz ilerlemesi i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm lojistik altyap\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve
\ntopraklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ELN heyeti, bir bah\u00e7esi ve ziyaret\u00e7i kabul
\nedebilecekleri bir salonla bu ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir evde kald\u0131. Dost
\n\u00fclkelerin el\u00e7ilikle\u00adri, m\u00fczakere taraflar\u0131n\u0131n rahat ve gayri resmi bir ortamda
\nkonu\u015fabilecekleri davetler verilmesi i\u00e7in kendi yerlerini (salon ve bah\u00e7eler)
\ntahsis etti. B\u00f6ylece m\u00fczakere masas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclenler, resmi m\u00fczakerenin
\nbask\u0131s\u0131ndan ve bas\u0131ndan uzak bu yerlerde de\u011ferlendirilebiliyor ya da bunlara
\neklemeler yap\u0131labiliyordu. Otelde, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda daimi bir diya\u00adlogun
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in evrensel bir plandan (otel, el\u00e7ilikler, ELN evi) \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131
\nyap\u0131l\u0131yormu\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na i\u015ftirak\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda, tabi ki gayri resmi, toplant\u0131lar\u0131n ve
\ng\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcm yerlerden (bas\u0131n odalar\u0131, bah\u00e7eler, havuz,
\nodalar, restoranlar) yararlan\u0131labiliyordu. <\/p>\n
\nbir zamanlar silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n
\nbaz\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7 ilerlemez, bu, anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in resmi bir mekanizma
\nolmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fc\u00adme ula\u015fmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. T\u0131kanan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle
\nilgili e\u011fitici bir vaka da Bat\u0131 Sahra\u2019n\u0131nkidir. <\/p>\n
\netti\u011fi bir \u201ciyile\u015ftirme plan\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, taraflar, Fas ve Polisario
\ncephesi, bunun nas\u0131l uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyordu, ne de alternatif bir yol
\nar\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bahsi ge\u00e7en iyile\u015ftirme plan\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminden beri mevcut
\nse\u00e7men listesinde yer alan Sahravi halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fiyle ilgili bir referandum
\nd\u00fczenlenme\u00adsini \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bununla birlikte Fas, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir se\u00e7e\u00adnek
\nolarak g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 bir referandumun yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken, olas\u0131
\nse\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rarak s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen listenin \u00f6n\u00fcne pek \u00e7ok engel
\n\u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM Genel Sekreterlik \u00f6zel temsilcisi, \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famada
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen 2. Baker Plan\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. \u0130lk a\u015famada, sava\u015f
\ntutsaklar\u0131 ser\u00adbest b\u0131rak\u0131lacak, t\u00fcm ordular terhis edilecek ve ikinci a\u015famada
\nbayrak, para birimi, g\u00fcmr\u00fck, posta, telekom\u00fcnikasyon, d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler, milli
\ng\u00fcvenlik ve savunmayla ilgili olanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geni\u015f yetkilere sahip Bat\u0131
\nSahra Merci, Yasama ve Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Meclisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7ilece\u011fi se\u00e7im
\nkampanyalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczen\u00adlenecekti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u015famada, d\u00f6rt ya da be\u015f y\u0131l sonra, 1991
\ny\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u0130yile\u015ftirme Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya da Fas\u2019\u0131n sundu\u011fu otonomi anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n
\noylanaca\u011f\u0131, 1991\u2019de haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f se\u00e7im listesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen, UnHcr\u2019nin (BM
\nM\u00fclteciler Y\u00fcksek komiserli\u011fi) 2001\u2019in ekim ay\u0131ndaki yurda geri d\u00f6necek
\nki\u015filerle ilgili listede yer alan ya da 1999\u2019un sonundan beri Bat\u0131 Sahra\u2019da
\ns\u00fcrekli ikamet eden re\u015fit ki\u015filerin oy verme hakk\u0131na sahip olaca\u011f\u0131, BM
\ntaraf\u0131ndan organize edilen bir referandum yap\u0131lacakt\u0131. Polisario cephesi bu
\nplan\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen, durumun onlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun
\ng\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine kar\u015f\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fey elde edememekten korkan Fas H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan
\nreddedildi. <\/p>\n
\nde makul bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak ad\u0131na taraflar\u0131 m\u00fc\u00adzakere etmeye davet eden G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin
\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm turlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k isti\u015farede bulunulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, o andan
\nitibaren BM Genel Sekreterlik \u00f6zel temsilcileri, taraflar\u0131n tutumlar\u0131n\u0131
\nde\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131. Bir tara\u00adftan G\u00fcvenlik konseyi, bahsi ge\u00e7en konseydeki
\ng\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesi ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc engelle\u00admeler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden
\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmeyen bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulama konusunda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ortaya koyamam\u0131\u015f gibi
\ng\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcr\u00adken, di\u011fer taraftan G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin taraflar\u0131n tutumlar\u0131ndan
\nvazge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flayacak yeterli n\u00fcfuzu da bulunmamaktayd\u0131. Bununla birlikte
\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla, tarihte bu gibi tutumlarda ele al\u0131nandan farkl\u0131 bir
\nuzla\u015fma form\u00fcl\u00fc bulmaktan ge\u00e7iyor. Bu uzla\u015fma form\u00fcl\u00fc, Fas\u2019\u0131n bir referandum
\nyapmaktan vazge\u00e7mesi ve s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen referandumun yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde ki bu
\nreferandumdaki as\u0131l sorun bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00f6zerkli\u011fin peki\u015ftirilmesine ve mevcut
\nt\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa bir alternatif \u00fcre\u00adtilmesine zaman tan\u0131yacak mevcut \u00f6zerk stat\u00fcn\u00fcn
\nkabul edilip edilmeyece\u011fiydi, Polisario Cephesi\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan ara a\u015famay\u0131
\nkabul etmesi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bu, ilkinden \u00f6zerkli\u011fin aleyhinde bir sonu\u00e7
\n\u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumda G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin ikinci bir referandum yapmaya karar
\nvermesine engel olmayacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nk\u00f6kl\u00fc olanlarda, ilk m\u00fczakerelere ba\u015flamak y\u0131llar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte
\nm\u00fczakereler bir kez ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bunlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok fazla
\nzaman ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olarak, 20072 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki bir istatistik Yeni
\nHalk Ordusu\u2019nun politik kolu, nDF\u2019nin, aske\u00adri \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn %31,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fczakere
\netmeye ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktayd\u0131 ve m\u00fczakere etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131ndan beri bahsi
\nge\u00e7en ama\u00e7 u\u011fruna bu oran %60\u2019a \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce
\nsona erdi\u011fi Sudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde SPla gerillalar\u0131 tarihinin %24,6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fczake\u00adre
\netmeye adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kolombiya\u2019da di\u011fer Kolombiyal\u0131 gerilla grubu, ELN, zaman\u0131n\u0131n
\nsadece %8,5\u2019ini buna ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015fken (Tamil gerillalar\u0131, ltte vakas\u0131nda %3,3\u2019t\u00fc),
\nFarc vakas\u0131nda bu y\u00fczde %22,8\u2019lerdedir. <\/p>\n
\nkesilseler de, bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in yeterli opti\u00admum ko\u015fullar\u0131n mevcut
\noldu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 vurgulamak \u00f6nemlidir. Bu ko\u015fullar nelerdir? Temelde
\non tanedirler. Evvela muhataplar\u0131n siyasi olarak siyasi ola\u00adrak z\u0131mnen
\ntan\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir, bununla birlikte, barok tarz\u0131nda, diplomatik, tefrit
\ntarzda ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konu alabilse de, a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 tercih edilir.
\nBu tan\u0131nma arabulucular ya da s\u00f6z konusu silahl\u0131 grubun temsilcileri yoluyla
\nsa\u011flanabilir. Dahas\u0131, m\u00fczakereler delegeler i\u00e7in \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lacak
\n\u015feyin yerine getirilmesi konusunda teminat\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra mutlak g\u00fcven\u00adlik
\nsa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, meta-anla\u015fmazl\u0131k, yani yakla\u015f\u0131mlardaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nolu\u015fturan \u015feyin \u00f6z\u00fc hakk\u0131nda anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir ama en az\u0131ndan
\nm\u00fc\u015fterek bir \u015fekilde sorun olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015feyin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve buna m\u00fczakere
\nmasas\u0131nda yer ve zaman ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. <\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Muhataplar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>G\u00fcvenlik <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Teminatlar <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Meta-anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00fczerinde anla\u015fma <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Bir \u015feylerden vazge\u00e7meye haz\u0131r bulunma <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Bir \u015fey olu\u015fturma iste\u011fi <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Bir \u015fey kazanma ihtimali <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek\n<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flamak <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Halka s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 vermek <\/p>\n
\niste\u011fini belli edecek, di\u011fer taraf i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131 olacak bir \u015feylerden vazge\u00e7meye
\nhaz\u0131r bulunmakt\u0131r. Alt\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flaman\u0131n, yeni bir \u015feyin
\nolu\u015fumunda yer almay\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00fcvence vermektir. Yedinci ko\u015ful, bar\u0131\u015f
\ns\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla (kendi ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 ad\u0131na) bir \u015fey kazanma (ya da
\nkaybetme) olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fazla oldu\u011funa g\u00fcvence vermektir ki bu s\u00fcrece olan
\ng\u00fcveni artt\u0131racakt\u0131r. Sekizinci, kendileri i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelenler
\ni\u00e7inde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama ya da yenilgi anlam\u0131 de\u011fil, tam destek, c\u00f6mertlik ve yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k
\ni\u00e7eren bir s\u00fcrece ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l anlat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesini gereklili\u011fiyle
\nilgilidir ki bu da ileti\u015fim ve ideolojik yorumun h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na ge\u00adlir. E\u011fer
\nd\u0131\u015far\u0131dan kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flan\u0131yorsa, bunlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak kabul edilir ve
\nbunlara tamamen g\u00fcvenmek gerekir. Son olarak onuncu ko\u015ful dikey boyut, yani son
\ns\u00f6z\u00fcn halka verilmesiyle ilgili oland\u0131r. Pek \u00e7ok durumda onlar ad\u0131na konu\u015fulur
\nama onlar\u0131n fikri asla al\u0131nmaz. Ger\u00e7ek bir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci, asli konular\u0131n en alt
\ntabakadan ba\u015flayarak yorumlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in halk\u0131n kendisini ifade edece\u011fi kanallar
\nortaya koymal\u0131. <\/p>\n
\n(A\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesi), \u0130srail-Filistin ve Nepal bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin durumuyla ilgili
\n\u00e7ekilen r\u00f6ntgen bizlere o zaman ya\u015fanan \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebeplerini g\u00f6sterir
\nve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki soruyu muall\u00e2kta b\u0131rak\u0131r: neler olup bitti\u011fini anlamadan, s\u00fcre\u00e7
\ni\u00e7erisinde g\u00fcvenlik ve g\u00fcven olu\u015fturmadan, ger\u00e7ekten ne istendi\u011fini bilmeden ve
\ntaraflar\u0131n her biri hakk\u0131ndaki zaruri elementleri ya da t\u00fcm bu ki\u015filerin
\nverdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 an\u00adlamadan bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanabilir mi? asl\u0131nda, 2005\u2019te tatmin edici
\nbir \u015fekilde sonu\u00e7lanan A\u00e7e vakas\u0131nda, 2003\u2019te ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcren nedenler
\nemniyetsizlik, g\u00fcvensizlik, m\u00fczakere\u00adde sonu\u00e7lanmayan siyasi uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar
\n(elzem talepler), anla\u015fmalar\u0131n hatal\u0131 yorumlanmas\u0131 ve uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7le
\nilgili sorunlard\u0131. \u0130srail ve Filistin aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fczakerelerle ilgili vakada
\nba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n nedenleri \u015fiddet k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc (derin k\u00fclt\u00fcr), etki-tepki dinami\u011fi
\n(hemen \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme ihtiyac\u0131), emniyetsizlik, g\u00fcvensizlik,
\nm\u00fczakerede sonu\u00e7lanmayan si\u00adyasi uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar, (verilebilecek zarar\u0131n sembolik
\nsimetrisi de olsa) askeri g\u00fc\u00e7teki asimetri ve (Birle\u015fik Devletler ve Diplomatik
\nD\u00f6rtl\u00fcn\u00fcn rolleri aras\u0131ndaki karma\u015fa y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00adden) uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fcrecin
\nanla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131yd\u0131. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nepal vakas\u0131nda, 2003
\nsenesindeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, emniyetsizlik, g\u00fcvensizlik, elzem taleplerdeki
\nuyu\u015fmazl\u0131k ve uluslararas\u0131 deste\u011fin eksiklik y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. <\/p>\n
\nda hangi ko\u015fullar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nIrak\u2019ta, Bask B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da hangi ko\u015fullar\u0131n eksik
\noldu\u011funu sorarsak, belirli bir yerdeki, mevcut bo\u015fluklar\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in izlene\u00adcek
\nstratejileri tasarlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak eksik olan birincil \u00f6\u011feleri
\nyakalayabiliriz. <\/p>\n
\nmutat risk fakt\u00f6rleri hakk\u0131nda bir fikir edinebiliriz. \u00c7o\u011funlukla bir bar\u0131\u015f
\ns\u00fcrecine ba\u015flamay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131ran ya da normal gidi\u015fat\u0131na ket vuran \u00f6zellikler
\nsergilerler. En mutat risk fakt\u00f6rlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131, akt\u00f6rlerin tam olarak ikna
\nolmay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131, taraflardan biri m\u00fczakereye ba\u015flamaya tam olarak ikna
\nolmadan bir g\u00fcn yar\u0131da kesilecek olan bir m\u00fczakereye ba\u015flanabilir, ama bu durum
\nhemen fark edi\u00adlecek ve di\u011fer taraf o taraf\u0131 samimiyetsizlikle ve tamamen
\nstratejik nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc kasten b\u00f6yle davranmakla su\u00e7layaca\u011f\u0131ndan m\u00fczakere
\ntehlikeye at\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden taraflar tamamen ikna olana kadar, bu m\u00fczakere
\nzaman\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir, s\u00fcrece ba\u015flamamak daha iyidir. <\/p>\n
\nyard\u0131mlar\u0131 ciddiye almamak ya da onlar\u0131 hi\u00e7e saymakt\u0131r. Genelde
\narabuluculuklar\u0131n, garant\u00f6rlerin, teyit eden ki\u015filerin ya da d\u0131\u015f te\u015fviklerin
\ndeste\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur ve bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131 es ge\u00e7mek tavsiye edilmez. Bu y\u00fczden
\nbu d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131mlardan fayda sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, yabanc\u0131 birimlerin eline d\u00fc\u015fmemek gibi
\nyanl\u0131\u015f bahaneler ve kendine yeterli\u00adlik tutumlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131narak a\u00e7\u0131k fikirli
\nolunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m hi\u00e7bir ko\u015fulda arabuluculu\u011fun zorla kabul\u00fcne
\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmez, bu yap\u0131lacak ba\u015fka bir hata olacakt\u0131r. Bu durumda hayal
\nk\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve reddin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 uzun s\u00fcrmeyece\u011finden, arabuluculuk g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc
\nolarak ve isteyerek yap\u0131lmal\u0131, asla zorla dayat\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nBir bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci belirsizlikler ve sorunlarla doludur ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z sonu\u00e7 ve
\nge\u00e7ici aksakl\u0131k olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Bu y\u00fczden ilk s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hayal
\nk\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f beklentiler i\u00e7ine girmek iyi de\u011fildir.
\nDaha ak\u0131ll\u0131ca olan\u0131, s\u00fcrecin \u00f6z\u00fcndeki zorluklar\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmak ve bu
\nzorluklar\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in gerekli gere\u00e7leri temin etmektir. <\/p>\n
\nve m\u00fczakereye kat\u0131lan gruplar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun
\nsebebi, anla\u015fmazl\u0131k ve sava\u015f ekonomisine uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n
\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayan ve bu y\u00fczden bunun
\nsonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir tutum tak\u0131nan kesimlerin olu\u015fudur. S\u00fcreci
\nsabote eden ki\u015filere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler ve yeni \u015fiddet dalgalar\u0131 yaratmaktan
\n\u00e7ekinmezler. Bu \u201cya\u011fmac\u0131lar\u0131n eylemleriyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak, m\u00fczakere yollar\u0131n\u0131n
\na\u00e7\u0131k tutulmas\u0131na yard\u0131m eden ki\u015filerin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlerinden biridir. <\/p>\n
\nate\u015fkesin nas\u0131l bozuldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemek ola\u011fand\u0131r, korku do\u011furur ve m\u00fczakereyi
\nbozmak i\u00e7in bahane verir. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00e7o\u011fu defa, anla\u015fmay\u0131 bozman\u0131n daha kolay
\noldu\u011fu hesaba kat\u0131larak, bir ate\u015fkes anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nko\u015ful olarak \u00f6ne
\ns\u00fcrmekten mi yoksa bunu talep etme\u00adkten mi vazge\u00e7menin daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131 ikilemi
\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 olabildi\u011fince az \u015fiddet i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde m\u00fczakere etmek
\niyidir ve e\u011fer bir ate\u015fkes anla\u015fmas\u0131 olursa bu daha iyi, ama bu her zaman
\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir, bu y\u00fczden ate\u015fkesin ihlal edildi\u011fi muhtemel durumlarda
\nm\u00fczakerelere devam\u0131 dikkatle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. <\/p>\n
\nyapmakt\u0131r, fakat bu her zaman olas\u0131 de\u011fildir ve zaman zaman pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fiyle
\nm\u00fczakere etmek gerekir. Genellikle m\u00fczakereden \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamak isteyen ve silah
\nkullanarak da olsa iktidardan pay elde etmeyi arzulayan ki\u015filerin olmas\u0131
\ndolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bazen bir akt\u00f6r m\u00fczakereye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gruplara ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Darfur
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. 2003\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015flar\u0131nda m\u00fczakere ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda
\nsadece iki grup, JeM (adalet ve e\u015fitlik Hareketi) ve Sla vard\u0131. Alt\u0131 y\u0131l sonra
\nSla bir d\u00fczineden fazla gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bu bir araya ge\u00adlinmesi ya da en
\naz\u0131ndan ortak bir tutum sergilenmesi i\u00e7in bir dizi m\u00fczakerenin daha yap\u0131lmas\u0131na
\nneden oldu. \u015eiddet yanl\u0131s\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a, bir anla\u015fmaya varmak
\ndaha karma\u015f\u0131k ve daha zor bir hal al\u0131r. Bununla birlikte y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 potansiyelini
\nve s\u00fcreci boykot etme potansiyelini g\u00f6steren hi\u00e7 kimsenin m\u00fczakere d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda
\nb\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00f6nemlidir. Bu y\u00fczden, \u00f6rnek olarak, Filistin vakas\u0131nda
\nHamas\u2019\u0131n (\u0130slami Direni\u015f Hareketi), (el aksa \u015fehitleri Tugay\u0131\u2019yla beraber) el
\nFetih\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra (Filistin Ulusal kurtulu\u015f Hareketi) silahl\u0131 bir kolu
\n(\u0130zzeddin el kassam tugaylar\u0131) vard\u0131r. Filistin \u0130slami cihat \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019yle
\nbirlikte, bu gruplar bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalabilir mi? Bir m\u00fc\u00adzakere
\ns\u00fcrecindeki ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz muhataplar de\u011filler midir? <\/p>\n
\ng\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc olsun, i\u00e7 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel
\nbir boyuta sahip oldu\u011funu varsayarsak, anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta yer almalar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015fman
\nkonu\u00admunda kalmalar\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. Bu, s\u00fcre\u00e7teki risklerden bir di\u011feridir. Son
\nolarak \u015funu belirtmek gerekir ki, g\u00fcncel anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda ve \u00f6zellikle Afrika
\nk\u0131tas\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan muazzam boyutta ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar
\ns\u00f6z konusudur. Bir topra\u011f\u0131n belli b\u00f6lgelerinde sava\u015f eko\u00adnomisinin geli\u015fimi bir
\nbar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n aleyhinde yer alan baz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar olu\u015fturur ve
\nah\u015fap, elmas, petrol, kotlan yada di\u011fer mineraller s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu kolayl\u0131kla rant sa\u011flanmas\u0131na izin verir. Bu ba\u011flamda
\nbar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanmas\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n devam\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir te\u015fvik edici oldu\u011fundan bir
\nekonomik strateji olu\u015fturmak elzemdir. <\/p>\n
\neksikli\u011fi Dayat\u0131la arabuluculuk a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beklentiler G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u015fiddet
\nolu\u015fumu ate\u015fkesin ihlali \u00e7ok say\u0131da silahl\u0131 akt\u00f6r\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00fc\u015fman kom\u015fular\u0131n
\nvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar <\/p>\n
\nanla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda krizin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 s\u00fcreci \u00f6rnek
\na\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele alarak, s\u00fcre\u00e7teki krizi a\u00e7\u0131klayan yinelenen bir dizi gerek\u00e7eyi
\ng\u00f6zlemledik ve bunlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sonucu genel hususlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131:
\nneler olup bitti\u011fini anlamadan, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde g\u00fcvenlik ve g\u00fcven
\nolu\u015fturmadan, ger\u00e7ekten ne istendi\u011fini bilmeden ve taraflar\u0131n her biri
\nhakk\u0131ndaki zaruri elementleri ya da t\u00fcm bu ki\u015filerin verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 anlamadan
\nbar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanabilir mi? <\/p>\n
\n\u00fcniversitesi, Bask B\u00f6lgesi \u00fcniversitesi ve Kolombiya Siyasi alternatifler
\nMerkezi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan akademisyenlerle be\u00adraber \u0131ncOre taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u201c\u015fiddeti
\nterk etmek adl\u0131 bir projeye g\u00f6re, be\u015f bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreciyle (G\u00fcney Afrika, kuzey
\n\u0130rlanda, \u0130srail-Filistin, Bask B\u00f6lgesi ve Sri Lanka) ilgili bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kaynak
\nal\u0131narak \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011fi\u015fkenlerin etkile\u015fimi ve bunlar\u0131n etkileri
\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilmektedir. Bu etkiler alt\u0131 ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <\/p>\n
\nYabanc\u0131 akt\u00f6rlerin rol\u00fc 4) Pop\u00fcler yan\u0131tlar 5) Semboller ve rit\u00fceller 6)
\nSiyasal ve anayasal d\u00fczenlemelere y\u00f6nelik ilerlemeler <\/p>\n
\ng\u00f6re, sava\u015f boyunca insanlar \u015fiddeti rutin hale gelmi\u015f sosyal bir fenomen
\nolarak kan\u0131ksad\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konusu olan toplumdaki \u015fiddet k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn
\na\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla
\nsu\u00e7, silahlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak artmaya devam edebilir (G\u00fcney Afrika,
\nGuatemala ve el Salvador\u2019daki durum budur).4 <\/sup>\u015fiddet d\u00f6neminde
\nt\u00fcreyen askeri te\u00e7hizat\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmaya y\u00f6nelik \u015f\u00fcpheler ve zorluklar da buna ilave
\nedilebilir ve e\u011fer bu te\u00e7hizatlar da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa, yeterli i\u015f imkan\u0131 bulunmamas\u0131
\ny\u00fcz\u00fcnden terhis s\u00fcrecinin tamamla\u00adnamama riski olu\u015fur, b\u00f6ylece baz\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n
\nbar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini boykot etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ihtimali do\u011far. Baz\u0131 durumlarda kor\u00adkunun,
\nm\u00fczakere halindeki baz\u0131 gruplar\u0131n disiplinsiz \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u015fiddet
\neylemlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Her hal\u00fckarda,
\ndaha \u00f6nce bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, s\u00fcrecin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f, s\u00fcrecin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in
\nelle\u00adrinden gelen her \u015feyi yapacak akt\u00f6rlerin, bozguncular\u0131n (\u201cya\u011fmac\u0131lar )
\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\n\u201cbar\u0131\u015ftan kar de\u011fil \u201cbar\u0131\u015ftan zarar edilmesine sebep olur. Anla\u015fmazl\u0131k
\ns\u0131ras\u0131nda sebep olunan y\u0131k\u0131m, nadiren yeni yat\u0131r\u0131m vaatleriyle telafi edilir,
\nbu da huzursuzlu\u011fa ve protes\u00adtolara yol a\u00e7ar. Bir\u00e7ok durumda sava\u015f\u0131n, \u00fclke
\nekonomisine \u00e7ok pahal\u0131ya mal oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 1999\u2019da Sri Lanka\u2019da sava\u015f\u0131n
\nbedeli 723 milyon dolar, b\u00fct\u00e7eden %13 daha fazlayd\u0131 ve 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda sava\u015f Liberya\u2019da
\ngayri safi yurti\u00e7i has\u0131lan\u0131n %30\u2019unu t\u00fcketmi\u015fti. Bununla beraber, olumlu bir
\nunsur olarak, t\u00fcccarlar ve ticaret sekt\u00f6rleri bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n desteklenmesinde \u00e7ok
\naktif bir rol oynayabilir. Bu, kuzey \u0130rlanda, G\u00fcney Afrika ve Somali\u2019de
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fen durumdur. <\/p>\n
\nolumlu ya da olumsuz etkiye sahip olabilir. E\u011fer bir kom\u015fu \u00fclke, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n
\ntehlikeye girece\u011fini hissederse, s\u00fcrecin geli\u015fimini etkilemek ad\u0131na
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa m\u00fcdahale etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, arabulucu gibi davranan
\ndiasporalar muhalif taraflar\u0131n ikisini de finanse edebilir. Akt\u00f6rlerin yan\u0131
\ns\u0131ra dinamikleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131m ede\u00adbilecek d\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6rler de vard\u0131r.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n ve kom\u00fcnizm korkusunun sona ermesi G\u00fcney Afrika s\u00fcreci\u00adne
\nyard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1987\u2019de Sri Lanka H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bu iki \u00fclkedeki Tamil
\ndiasporalar\u0131n\u0131n arabulucular \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok fazla etkili olmas\u0131ndan korktu\u011fundan
\nkanada ve Norve\u00e7\u2019in arabuluculuk \u00f6nerilerini geri \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, ABD\u2019deki
\n\u0130rlandal\u0131lar cemiyeti, IRA\u2019y\u0131 (\u0130rlanda cumhuriyet Ordusu) ate\u015fkes yapmaya ikna
\netmede olumlu bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1996\u2019da, Uganda\u2019daki anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta, Acholi
\nhalk\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlerde bulunan ve gruplar aras\u0131 ileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131
\nkuran \u0130ngiliz diasporas\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Ugandal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Kacoke Madit \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc
\nkurulmu\u015ftur. Kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler genelde teklifler sunarak ya da m\u00fczakere i\u00e7in yer
\n\u00f6nererek anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 ol\u00admaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131klamak
\ngerekirse, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Tanzanya\u2019n\u0131n Burundi\u2019ye, Gabon\u2019un Kongo\u2019ya, \u00c7in\u2019in kuzey Kore\u2019ye,
\nMalezya\u2019n\u0131n Filipinlere, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u0130srail\u2019e ya da Kenya\u2019n\u0131n Somali ve Sudan\u2019a
\nyard\u0131m\u0131 bu \u015fekildedir.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n
\nge\u00e7irmede ba\u015far\u0131 ya da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k ve sivil toplum g\u00fcc\u00fc, bunu elde etmek i\u00e7in
\ny\u0131llarca ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bile olsa, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak ad\u0131na \u00f6nemli
\nfakt\u00f6rlerdir. Son derece pop\u00fcler olan belli g\u00f6stergeler \u201cf\u0131rsat pencereleri
\nolabilirler (1992\u2019de 28 G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 eylemcinin katle\u00addilmesi, \u0130rlanda\u2019da
\nOmagh\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131, Kolombiya\u2019daki Halk Ferman\u0131 vb. gibi),
\nama bunlar belir\u00adleyici unsurlar de\u011fil, sadece siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7te ve yeni kararlar
\nal\u0131nmas\u0131nda az \u00e7ok etkisi olacak ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemleridir. <\/p>\n
\nki etnik anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda sembolik ifadeler (bayraklar, t\u00fcrk\u00fcler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel
\nba\u011flant\u0131lar) s\u00fcratle benimsenmekte, dini ve dilsel unsurlar geri
\nkazan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Uzla\u015fmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktan ziyade zorla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in
\nkullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131r. Bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019da turuncu D\u00fczenin
\nyapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bununla birlikte, semboller uzla\u015fma lehine ak\u0131ll\u0131ca
\nkullan\u0131labilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Mandela, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da beyazlar\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bir spora,
\nrugby D\u00fcnya kupas\u0131 Finali\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Springbok kul\u00fcb\u00fcn\u00fcn formas\u0131n\u0131 giydi\u011fi
\nzamanki gibi baz\u0131 sembolik jestleri ba\u015far\u0131yla kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olumlu sembolik
\njestler, hayal g\u00fcc\u00fc ve alicenapl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmay\u0131 ba\u015faran ve \u015f\u00fcphe
\nve ku\u015fku i\u00e7eren tav\u0131rlar\u0131 azaltan davran\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sadece l\u00fctufk\u00e2rl\u0131k ya da hor
\ng\u00f6rme belirtisi i\u00e7ermediklerinde ve onlarla siyasal bir avantaj elde etmeye
\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda faydal\u0131 olurlar. <\/p>\n
\nilerlemelere gelecek olursak, taraflar aras\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131ndaki \u015f\u00fcpheyi
\nkald\u0131rmak ve s\u00fcrece ba\u015flamak ve diyalog yoluyla devam etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131n
\nkonulup konulmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Daha \u00f6nce de
\nbelirtti\u011fimiz gibi bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131, anla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmle\u00adrini s\u0131n\u0131rlamamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dczerinde
\nkarara var\u0131lan \u015fey, genellikle \u00fclkeyi ya da toplumu k\u00f6t\u00fc etkileyen somut
\nproblemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmeye y\u00f6nelik anla\u015fmalar ya da yeni se\u00e7imlerle beraber halk\u0131n
\n\u00f6n\u00fcne serilerek me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda, genellikle m\u00fczakere \u00f6ncesi evrede, yap\u0131lacaklar hakk\u0131nda,
\n\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin hesa\u00adba kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle
\nbirlikte ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir d\u00fczende at\u0131lacak ad\u0131mlar\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015femas\u0131
\n\u00fczerinde anla\u015fma sa\u011flar. Bu \u015femaya \u201cyol haritas\u0131 denir ve yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler
\n\u00fczerine zihinsel bir haritan\u0131n olmas\u0131 ad\u0131na \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir yol
\nharitas\u0131, g\u00fcndemle ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00f6rt\u00fck belge de\u011fildir. \u015euan
\ns\u00f6z\u00fc edilen g\u00fcndem, daha sonraki bir zamanda \u00f6zenle haz\u0131rlan\u0131r ve tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n
\nasli konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Di\u011fer taraftan yol haritas\u0131nda at\u0131lacak bu ad\u0131mlar,
\nkimin neyi ne \u015fekilde yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. Bu kadar. Yol g\u00f6steren bir rehberdir
\nve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan pek \u00e7ok sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmaz ama bu
\nsorunlardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. <\/p>\n
\nProgram\u0131. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu \u00fclkedeki iki gerilla birli\u011fi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olan, o
\nzamana y\u00f6nelik bir yol haritas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u201ccallej\u00f3n con salida (\u00e7\u0131kar
\nYol) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir rapor kaleme ald\u0131. \u015eema \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famadan olu\u015fuyordu (a\u00e7\u0131k diyalog,
\nm\u00fczakere ve m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f). Birincisinde, a\u00e7\u0131k diyalogun m\u00fcdahalelere
\nkar\u015f\u0131 korunaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slardan yard\u0131m al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca
\nge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fananlardan ders \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere ait de\u011fil,
\ndevlet politikas\u0131 olarak bir bar\u0131\u015f stratejisinin \u00f6zenle haz\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 da
\nbelirtiliyordu. M\u00fczakere evresi hakk\u0131nda ise e\u011fer m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse, bir \u00f6rnek olaca\u011f\u0131,
\nyani, \u00f6nceli\u011fi olan \u00fc\u00e7 konuyu, s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczey,
\ngerillalar\u0131n sosyal temeli ve reformlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren (2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda caguan\u2019daki
\ng\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde izlenenden farkl\u0131) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir g\u00fcndemle birlikte aceleye
\ngetirilmeden yap\u0131lacak bir m\u00fczakerenin sahneye konulaca\u011f\u0131 da belirtilmekteydi. Ayn\u0131
\n\u015fekilde Avrupa \u00fclke\u00adlerinden kolayl\u0131k ve BM\u2019den koordinasyon sa\u011flanabilece\u011fi de
\nbelirtiliyordu. Son olarak, m\u00fczakere edilen \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f Birle\u015fik Devletlerin onay\u0131n\u0131
\nalacak, Devlet taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek imti\u00adyazlar tan\u0131nacak ve bir referandum
\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verile\u00adcekti. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, yol haritas\u0131 m\u00fczakerede
\nayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde verilen konularda ilerleme sa\u011flamaz, sadece i\u00e7inden
\nge\u00e7ilmesi gereken bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nitibaren ya da daha ileri evrelerde topluma s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 veril\u00admesini sa\u011flayan
\nkat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 yap\u0131lar olu\u015fturmada toplumun ba\u015frol\u00fc \u00fcstlendi\u011fi, Guatemala ya da
\nG\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131nki gibi, bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci modelleri vard\u0131r. Di\u011fer modellerde
\nmikrofon, as\u0131l akt\u00f6rlere (H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve silahl\u0131 gruplar) ve s\u00fcreci kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak
\nbir grup olu\u015fturan olas\u0131 refakat\u00e7ilere verilmi\u015ftir. Her vakada kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ya da
\nse\u00e7kinci s\u00fcre\u00e7ler bulundu\u011fundan, bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde farkl\u0131 rollere sahip pek
\n\u00e7ok akt\u00f6r yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nt\u00fcrlerini bir piramitte g\u00f6sterirsek, tepe noktada resmi akt\u00f6rler ve
\nkolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bunlar en g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan
\nakt\u00f6rlerdir, e\u011fer s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ilerlerse bu ki\u015filere medyada
\nrastlayabiliriz ve bu ki\u015filer bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n son karesinde
\ng\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedirler. Bura\u00adda, sadece g\u00fcndeminde anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa yer verilen
\nvakalarda, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik konseyi de boy g\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n
\ne\u015flik eden \u00fclkeler, (siyasi, ekonomik ve bazen, onay verilirse, askeri alanda)
\ndiplomatik yard\u0131mlar, medya, m\u00fcdahil olan kiliseler, BM kurulu\u015flar\u0131, destek
\nbirimle\u00adri, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda arabuluculuk ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f
\nmerkezler vb. gibi akt\u00f6rlerin boy g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir orta alana rastlamaktay\u0131z. Bu
\nalanda \u0130nsani Diyalog Mer\u00adkezi, carter Merkezi, St. Giles cemiyeti vb. yer
\nalacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\ntoplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, toplumsal hareketler ve halk \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00adlenmeleriyle
\nkar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktay\u0131z. <\/p>\n
\nal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, m\u00fczakere \u00f6ncesi evrede daha aktif bir rol oynayan paralel
\ndiplomasiye kar\u015f\u0131n, sivil toplumun bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine en yayg\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fczeyinin,
\n\u00f6nleyici tedbir ve anla\u015fma sonras\u0131 ya da uygulamaya ili\u015fkin ilk ve son evrelere
\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Di\u011fer taraftan resmi diplo\u00admasi, esas
\nitibariyle her evrede etkinlik g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n
\nhayata ge\u00e7irilmesi <\/strong><\/p>\n
\nimzalanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenler vard\u0131r. Sonra o kritik an gelir. Ke\u015fif
\nve m\u00fczakere a\u015famalar\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00fczerinde anla\u015fma sa\u011flanan konunun
\nhayata ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi yeni bir evreye girilir. E\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunursa iyi bir
\nbar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinden bahsedebiliriz, e\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunursa yeni \u015fiddet
\nolaylar\u0131n\u0131n ve adaletsizli\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve anla\u015fman\u0131n faziletleri
\nkonusunda \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi pek muhtemeldir. Pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fiye \u201cBunca s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya
\nde\u011fdi mi? diye sorulacakt\u0131r. Ne olursa olsun buna de\u011fmi\u015ftir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc silahl\u0131
\n\u015fiddete, karde\u015flerin birbirine d\u00fc\u015fman olup kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmelerine, sava\u015f\u0131n
\nac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verilmi\u015ftir, ama bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nher \u015feyin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131na olanak verir. Bundan sonra birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca,
\na\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki g\u00fcndem i\u00e7erisinde yer alan en az sekiz alanda \u00e7aba harcamam\u0131z gereken
\nsava\u015f sonras\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa konusundan s\u00f6z edilir: <\/p>\n
\nreform Se\u00e7im s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine destek Yarg\u0131 sisteminin peki\u015ftirilmesi Sivil topluma
\ndestek Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k e\u011fitimi <\/p>\n
\nUzman kurulu\u015flar\u0131n ve mahkemelerin olu\u015fumu Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n
\nyayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
\norganlar\u0131na destek Bar\u0131\u015f komisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 Hakikat Komisyonu\u2019nun
\nkurulmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi Sava\u015fa kat\u0131lan birliklerin ihrac\u0131 eski muhariplerden kurulu bir
\nSilahl\u0131 kuvvetler olu\u015fumu \u0130nsan g\u00fcvenli\u011fine dair yeni konseptler <\/p>\n
\nyeniden entegrasyonu <\/strong><\/p>\n
\n\u00fcretici projelere destek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletme ve ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n olu\u015fumu aile e\u011fitimi <\/p>\n
\nb\u00fcy\u00fck bir dizi siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal zorluklarla y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorundad\u0131r ve
\nancak bu zorluklar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda, as\u0131l anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusunda ger\u00e7ek bir
\nilerle\u00admeden s\u00f6z edilebilir. Bu zorluklar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturan \u00fc\u00e7
\nvaka: bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluk t\u00fcrlerini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in, her
\nbiri ayr\u0131 zamanlarda, 2005, 2007 ve 2009\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131nda imzalanan \u00fc\u00e7 bar\u0131\u015f
\nanla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte, Sudan\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneyi, Fildi\u015fi Sahili (Fildi\u015fi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131) ve
\nBurundi hakk\u0131nda 2009\u2019un sonlar\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir inceleme yap\u0131ld\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki
\ngibidir: <\/p>\n
\ngelirlerinin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri, istihbarat te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n
\nreformunda gecikme, kabileler aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve emniyetsizli\u011fin artmas\u0131yla
\nilgili sorunlar. <\/p>\n
\n\u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 kontrol m\u00fccadelesi, toprak kon\u00adtrol\u00fc i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan
\n\u00e7eki\u015fmeler, toplumsal dokunun hassas olu\u015fu, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131
\ng\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri, yurdundan
\ng\u00f6nderilmi\u015f ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda bilgi eksikli\u011fi, topluluklar aras\u0131 gerilim,
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet taraftar\u0131 milislerin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda gecikme ve asilerin
\nentegrasyon sorunlar\u0131. <\/p>\n
\ngecikme, hafif silahlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131, insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri, toprak m\u00fclkiyeti
\ni\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, se\u00e7im kanununa y\u00f6nelik \u015f\u00fcpheler ve muhalif kuvvetler
\nb\u00fcnyesindeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler. <\/p>\n
\nve di\u011fer sorunlar, aylar hatta y\u0131llar \u00f6nce imzalanm\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda
\ngecikmeye yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, buda bize bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n \u00e7ok me\u015fakkatli
\noldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. <\/p>\n
\nel Salvador, Guatemala, kuzey \u0130rlanda, G\u00fcney Afrika, Tacikistan, Sierra Leone,
\nSudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi, Burundi, Endonezya (A\u00e7e) ve Nepal. Nepal\u2019de d\u00f6rt y\u0131ldan kuzey
\n\u0130rlanda\u2019da 21 y\u0131la kadar s\u00fcren, 1984 (el Salvador) ve 2002 (Nepal) y\u0131llar\u0131
\naras\u0131nda giri\u015filen s\u00fcre\u00e7ler yer almaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda arabuluculuk
\nyap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u2013 4 kez) ve esas isteklere gelince, d\u00f6rt
\ntanesi \u00fclke\u00adnin demokratikle\u015fmesi, \u00fc\u00e7 tanesi siyasi iktidar ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7
\ntanesi de otonomi \u00fczerineydi. Geri kalan \u00fclkelerde s\u00fcre\u00e7ler piramit \u015fekline \u00e7ok
\ndaha uygun bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken, iki s\u00fcre\u00e7te (Guatemala ve G\u00fcney Afrika)
\ngeni\u015f toplumsal kat\u0131l\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Anla\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131yla, baz\u0131
\ns\u00fcre\u00e7lerde G\u00fcven komisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde muharipler
\ni\u00e7in genel af \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anla\u015fmazl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131nda sava\u015fta yer alan t\u00fcm muhalif
\ngruplar, bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yoluyla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerde sorumluluk
\nalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nfarkl\u0131yd\u0131, ama her vakada sava\u015f yorgunlu\u011fu ve halk\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f iste\u011fini
\nbelirleyiciydi. Tacikistan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra el Salvador ve Guatemala\u2019da da
\ndiyaloglar lehine b\u00f6lgesel kontekst (con\u00adtadora Grubu) belirleyici olmu\u015ftur.
\nGuatemala\u2019da ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik neden olarak
\netkili olmu\u015ftur. Kuzey \u0130rlanda ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in
\nekonomik gereksinim \u00f6nemli olmu\u015ftur. Tacikistan ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da gerillalar\u0131n
\narkalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama almaktan vazge\u00e7mesi etkili olmu\u015ftur. D\u0131\u015f bask\u0131, G\u00fcney Afrika,
\nSudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi ve Burundi\u2019yi etkilemi\u015ftir. \u0130nsani kriz, Sudan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi ve Endonezya\u2019da
\n(A\u00e7e) belirleyici olmu\u015ftur bahsedilen son \u00fclkede bir do\u011fal afet, tsunami, s\u00fcrecin
\nba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son olarak Nepal\u2019de monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan halk
\ng\u00f6sterileri kesin bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olan m\u00fczakerelere
\nolanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131yla, 75.000 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle so\u00adnu\u00e7lanan i\u00e7 sava\u015f
\nba\u015flad\u0131. 1983\u2019te G\u00fcvenlik konseyi, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki be\u015f \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan bir
\ndizi isti\u015farenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 contadora Grubu\u2019nun (Kolombiya, Meksika, Panama ve
\nVenezuela) bar\u0131\u015f lehine ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eylemlere deste\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir
\n\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm benimsedi. 1984 ve 1987 aras\u0131nda, el Salvador ba\u015fpiskoposu, monseny\u00f6r
\nArturo Riveray Damas\u2019\u0131n arabulu\u00adculuk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve FMln delegeleri
\naras\u0131nda i\u00e7eri\u011fi (sonu\u00e7suz) ke\u015fif nitelikli diyalog olan ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler (d\u00f6rt
\ntane) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Son g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede, Papa el\u00e7ili\u011fi turu, 1987 Ekiminde ate\u015fkes
\ni\u00e7in bir yol bulma arzusunun ve contadora Grubu taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kararlara
\ndeste\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir beyanat ve\u00adrildi. Bu, olgunluk ve tutumlarda esneklik
\ni\u00e7eren bir a\u015famayd\u0131. 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Amerikan Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (OaS) ve BM\u2019nin
\ndeste\u011fiyle Destek Grubu\u2019nun (Peru, Arjantin, Brezilya, Uru\u00adguay) bir araya
\ngetirildi\u011fi Contadora Grubu\u2019na ait \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n derlendi\u011fi esquipulas s\u00fcrecinin
\n\u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131d\u0131r. 1987 ve 1990 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkelerinin
\nba\u015fkanlar\u0131 m\u00fczakere edilen siyasi bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu sunmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n
\nistinaden 1989\u2019un eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Sekreterli\u011fi\u2019nin ilk
\ndostane giri\u015fimleri ba\u015flad\u0131. Genel Sekreterlik, \u00f6zel temsilci olarak Perulu
\ndiplomat \u00c1lvaro de Soto\u2019yu g\u00f6revlendirdi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve FlMn aras\u0131nda Meksika\u2019da
\nimzalanan anla\u015fmada, silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa bir son vermek amac\u0131yla bir diyalog
\ns\u00fcrecinin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmas\u0131na karar verildi. Bununla beraber kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda FMln,
\ng\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 genel bir sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenledi,
\nb\u00f6ylece iki taraf da askeri d\u00fc\u00adzeyde e\u015fit bir konumda bulunduklar\u0131 sonucuna
\nvaracakt\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen, m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinde izlenecek bir
\ntak\u0131m kurallar\u0131 belirleyen bir anla\u015fman\u0131n imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve siyasi ve m\u00fczakere
\nedilmi\u015f bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in iki taraf\u0131n da iste\u011finin peki\u015ftirildi\u011fi diyalog
\ni\u00e7erikli bir toplant\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Siyasi yollarla silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nsonland\u0131rmak, \u00fclkenin demokratikle\u015fmesini te\u015fvik etmek, insan haklar\u0131na
\ns\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilece\u011fini garanti etmek ve el Salvador toplumunu
\nyeniden bir araya getirmek hedef olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n may\u0131s ay\u0131nda Karakas\u2019ta,
\nm\u00fczakerelerin genel g\u00fcndeminin ve takvi\u00admin \u015fekillendirildi\u011fi bir toplant\u0131
\nyap\u0131ld\u0131. S\u00fcre\u00e7 iki evreye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: birincisinde, silahl\u0131 y\u00fczle\u015fmenin sona
\nermesini sa\u011flayacak alanlarda siyasi anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lacakt\u0131 ikincisinde
\nFlMn\u2019nin, \u00fclkedeki sivil, kurumsal ve siyasi hayata yeniden entegrasyonu i\u00e7in
\nteminatlar verilecek ve gerekli ko\u015fullar olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131. Temmuz ay\u0131nda, iki
\ntaraf\u0131n da insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterme vaadinde bulundu\u011fu ve ate\u015fkes
\nyap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce BM\u2019nin (daha sonra OnUSal \u2013 BM el Salvador G\u00f6zle\u00admci Misyonu)
\nonay\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir misyonun yerine getirilme\u00adsinin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc San Jos\u00e9
\nanla\u015fmas\u0131 (kosta rica) yap\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nba\u015fkenti), arazi kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131na (icar) ili\u015fkin m\u00fczakerelerin tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve
\nyarg\u0131, askeri d\u00fczen, se\u00e7im ve insan haklar\u0131 konusunda anayasal reformlar\u0131n
\ndahil edildi\u011fi bir anla\u015fma sa\u011fland\u0131. 1980\u2019de meydana gelen ciddi \u015fiddet
\neylemlerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in G\u00fcven komisyonu kuruldu. Komisyon 22.000\u2019den
\nfazla \u015fik\u00e2yet ald\u0131. May\u0131s ay\u0131nda, ilk talimat\u0131 San Jos\u00e9 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n
\nteyit edilmesine daya\u00adnan BM el Salvador G\u00f6zlemci Misyonunun (OnUSal) olu\u015fumu
\ni\u00e7in G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm 693 adl\u0131 belgesi kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Daha sonra
\ntalimatlar artt\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131. Bu mis\u00adyonun \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6\u011fesi bulunuyordu: bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc
\ninsan haklar\u0131, di\u011feri askeri ve biri de kolluk kuvvetlerinden olu\u015fan g\u00f6zle\u00admcilerdi.
\nEyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda BM genel sekreteri, \u00fclkedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerden olu\u015fmu\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f
\nkonsolidasyonu (cOPaZ) ad\u0131na yeni kurulan Ulusal komisyon taraf\u0131ndan
\nonaylanacak olan, ate\u015fkes i\u00e7in minimum g\u00fcvenlik teminatlar \u00fczerinde anla\u015fman\u0131n
\nsa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zirvede (New York anla\u015fmas\u0131), New York\u2019ta bir araya gelen
\ntaraflara do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahale etti. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda, New York\u2019ta, BM Genel
\nMerkezi\u2019nde son m\u00fczakereler yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 ay\u0131n 31\u2019inde bir anla\u015fma sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nmodifikasyonuna (bu kirli sava\u015fta yer alan g\u00f6revlilerin ay\u0131klanmas\u0131 ve
\netkinliklerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131), Ulusal Sivil Polis Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fumuna,
\naskeri istihbarat servislerinin feshe\u00addilmesine, milis organlar\u0131n
\nla\u011fvedilmesine, yarg\u0131 sisteminde modifikasyona, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafaas\u0131na,
\nG\u00fcven Komisyonu\u2019nun olu\u015fumuna, se\u00e7im sisteminde modifikasyo\u00adna, FMln\u2019nin siyasi
\nbir parti haline gelmesine, ekonomik ve toplumsal \u00f6nlemlerin benimsenmesine ve
\nOnUSal talimatlar\u0131n\u0131n (asker ve Polis B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) geni\u015fletilmesine yol a\u00e7an
\ncahapultepec Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. \u015eubat ay\u0131nda silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar
\ndurduruldu ve terhis i\u015flemine ba\u015fland\u0131. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda FMln siyasi bir parti
\nolarak yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve ertesi g\u00fcn silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa resmi anlamda kesin
\nolarak son verildi.<\/p>\n
\n\u00e7e\u015fitliydi: el Salvador halk\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f arzusu, sivil haklardaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler,
\nSilahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin gayri me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, alt\u0131 d\u00fczenbaz (Cizvit) rahibin
\n\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, Fa ve FM\u2019n aras\u0131ndaki askeri ba\u011f, tutumlarda esneklik
\ng\u00f6sterilmesi, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin arabuluculu\u011fu, dost \u00fclkelerin u\u011fra\u015f\u0131
\n(\u0130spanya, Meksika, Kolombiya ve Venezuela), Katolik kili\u00adsesi ve Ulusal Uzla\u015fma
\nKomisyonu\u2019nun olumlu rol\u00fc, yeni jeopolitik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm (Sovyet \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun
\nsona ermesi, Santiarlar\u0131n yenilgisi), son a\u015famada Birle\u015fik Devletlerin bask\u0131s\u0131
\nve Contadora Grubu\u2019nun etkisi. S\u00fcre\u00e7 sekiz y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
\nyakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n 1996\u2019da imzalanan anla\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi uzun y\u0131llar, on y\u0131ldan daha
\nfazla, alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6kleri, G\u00fcney Amerika b\u00f6lgesinde demokratik de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri
\nte\u015fvik etmek ve \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zaman i\u00e7inde G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f lehine
\nb\u00f6lgesel bask\u0131 kurmak amac\u0131yla Kolombiya, Panama, Me\u00adksika ve Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n Contadora
\nGrubu\u2019nu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu 1983\u2019e uzan\u0131r. Contadora, bir d\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn m\u00fczakere ve
\ndiyaloga olanak sa\u011flayan bir ortam olu\u015fturma ad\u0131na nas\u0131l ge\u00adrekli bir ko\u015ful
\nhaline geldi\u011fine bir \u00f6rnektir, Guatemala\u2019daki bar\u0131\u015fta tam isabet sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama
\nel Salvador ve Nikaragua\u2019da da bu giri\u015fimin deste\u011fi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131
\nolunamazd\u0131. <\/p>\n
\n\u00fclkenin i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerinde de at\u0131lacak olan ilk ad\u0131mlarla ayn\u0131 zamana rastl\u0131yordu.
\nGuatemala anla\u015fmazl\u0131k ve askerile\u015ftirmeden \u00e7ok \u00e7ekti ve Guatemalal\u0131 askerlerin,
\niktidar\u0131 sivillerin eline b\u0131rakma konusunda verdi\u011fi ilk \u00f6rne\u00adkler ancak 1984
\ny\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti, bu \u00f6rnekler, askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckle ge\u00e7en y\u0131llardan
\nsonra, uzun s\u00fcredir beklenen demokratik ge\u00e7i\u015fi ba\u015flatan ba\u015fkan Vinicio
\nCerezo\u2019nun kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 1985 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleriyle somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cerezo,
\n\u00f6zellikle \u0130spanya\u2019da, Guatemala el\u00e7ili\u011finde, UrnG gerillalar\u0131n\u0131n (Guatemala
\nUlusal Devrimci Birli\u011fi) bir m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flamaya e\u011filimleriyle ilgili
\nilk ke\u015fif \u00fczerine gerillalara ilk yakla\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6steren ki\u015fiydi. O zaman uygun
\nko\u015fullar bulunmasa da, bu toplant\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131llar sonra g\u00f6sterecek bir
\nolgunla\u015fma s\u00fcrecine girilmesinde belirleyici olmu\u015ftu. Her hal\u00fckarda, ba\u015fkan Cerezo\u2019nun
\nbu ilk toplant\u0131y\u0131 yapmaya cesareti ya da gele\u00adcek vizyonu olmasayd\u0131,
\nGuatemala\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanamazd\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nve 2. esquipulas anla\u015fmalar\u0131yla yeniden b\u00f6lgesel at\u0131l\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu
\ntoplant\u0131lar\u0131n meyvesi, Guatemala\u2019da, sonraki y\u0131llarda bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda ba\u015frol
\noynayan Ulu\u00adsal Uzla\u015fma Komisyonu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Guatemala
\ndeneyimine damga koyan sosyal ve dini gruplar bar\u0131\u015f lehine meyve veren i\u015fler
\nyapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r: \u00e7ok az bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcre\u00adcinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kat\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fczeyinde kendi
\ntoplumunun kesin deste\u011fi. Bu d\u00f6nemde bir ki\u015finin, dostane giri\u015fimleri UrnG ve
\naskeriye aras\u0131nda ilk yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n sergilenme\u00adsine neden olan l\u00fcteriyen D\u00fcnya
\nFederasyonu eski genel sekreteri, eski l\u00fcteriyen papaz\u0131 Amerikal\u0131 Paul Wee\u2019nin
\ndeste\u011fi de belirleyici olmu\u015ftur. E\u011fer G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Nelson Mandela\u2019n\u0131n
\nbelirleyici deste\u011fine atfedilen insan fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00adden bahsedilebiliyorsa, deste\u011fi
\nolmaks\u0131z\u0131n bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015fka bir ritim ve rota izleyece\u011finden Guatemala tarihi de
\nPaul Wee\u2019ye \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ki\u015filik olarak hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermelidir. Paul Wee, 1989\u2019da
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Ulusal Diyalog\u2019un bir araya gelmesine ola\u00adnak sa\u011flayan uygun bir ortam\u0131n
\nolu\u015fumuna destek vermi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
\ntoplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bu \u015fehirde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cOslo \u0130sti\u015fareleri ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f son derece
\n\u00f6nemli bir s\u00fcrece girildi, bu da Norve\u00e7\u2019i bar\u0131\u015f diplomasisinde en etkin
\n\u00fclkelerden biri olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, cnr ve UrnG delegeleri
\naras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir dizi toplant\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131
\nolu\u015fturuyordu: siyasi partilerin mevcut bulundu\u011fu escorial\u2019de (\u0130spanya)
\ni\u015fletme sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00adden ki\u015filerin mevcut bulundu\u011fu Ottowa\u2019da (kanada) dini
\ngruplar\u0131n mevcut bulundu\u011fu Quito\u2019da (ekvator) sendikalar\u0131n ve halk kesiminden
\nki\u015filerin mevcut bulundu\u011fu Metepec\u2019te (Meksika) ve son olarak e\u011fitim
\nkurumlar\u0131ndan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerden ve \u00fcniversitelerden gelen baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin
\nmevcut bulundu\u011fu atlixco\u2019daki (Meksika) toplant\u0131lar. Bu toplant\u0131lar, 1991\u2019de
\nUrn ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayacak, on iki y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek, arac\u0131s\u0131z m\u00fczakerenin
\nteme\u00adllerini olu\u015fturuyordu. cerezo\u2019nun halefi ba\u015fkan Serrano, Meksika\u2019da ana
\nba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 sivil toplumun g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, ordunun rol\u00fc, yerliler, anayasal
\nreform ve se\u00e7im rejimi, ye\u00adrinden edilmi\u015f n\u00fcfusun iskan\u0131, sosyoekonomik
\nko\u015fullar ve tar\u0131m reformu olan on bir maddelik m\u00fczakere g\u00fcndemiyle birlikte
\nnisan ay\u0131nda bir anla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f (la
\nPaz total) i\u00e7in bir giri\u015fimde bulundu. temmuz ay\u0131nda, Quer\u00e9taro\u2019da
\n(Meksika)\u00fclkenin demokratikle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli ilkelerin ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u00fc\u00adzakerenin
\nikinci turu at\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi \u00fczere, Guatema\u00adla s\u00fcreci bu \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda
\n\u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme kaydetmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
\nGuatemala\u2019da kurumsal reformlara ba\u015fland\u0131 ve Ulusal Uzla\u015fma komisyonu i\u015flevini
\nyitirdi. Bununla birlikte, sivil topluma s\u00f6z hakk\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fi sabit bir bar\u0131\u015f
\nzemini kuruldu ve bu y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda papaz Paul Wee taraf\u0131ndan organize edilen
\n\u00e7e\u015fitli \u201cek\u00fcmenik (evrensel) toplant\u0131lar yoluyla UrnG\u2019yle daha resmi
\nm\u00fczakerelere ba\u015fland\u0131. ertesi y\u0131l Meksika\u2019da m\u00fczakere turlar\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131 ve 1996
\nimzalanan nihai anla\u015fmaya kadar s\u00fcren bir dizi turla, M\u00fczakere S\u00fcre\u00adcinin
\nYeniden Ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in taslak anla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte BM\u2019nin arabuluculu\u011fu
\nba\u015flad\u0131. S\u00fcrece diplomatik ve eko\u00adnomik destek veren Kolombiya, Meksika, Norve\u00e7,
\n\u0130spanya, Birle\u015fik Devletler ve Venezuela taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan \u201cdost \u00fclkeler
\nfig\u00fcr\u00fc y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konuldu. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, onay misyonu 2004\u2019e kadar
\ns\u00fcrecek olan M\u0131nUGUa\u2019y\u0131 (BM Guatemala Onay Misyonu) kurdu. Mart ay\u0131nda H\u00fck\u00fcmet
\nve UN aras\u0131nda \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz eden k\u00fcresel anla\u015fma
\nimzaland\u0131, bu anla\u015fman\u0131n ortada ate\u015fkes yokken, yani, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k hala devam ediyorken
\nama sava\u015f\u0131 \u201cinsanc\u0131lla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamak gerekir. nisanda
\nkurulan ve \u00e7ift y\u00f6nl\u00fc m\u00fczakerelerde irdelenen asli meselelerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131
\ni\u00e7eren bir talimatla 1996\u2019ya kadar devam eden Daimi Sivil toplum Meclisinin
\n(aSc) kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki talep ka\u00adbul edildi. Guatemala s\u00fcreci, aSc\u2019yle
\nbirlikte, m\u00fczakere masas\u0131nda yer bulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cminimum ortak payda \u00f6ne\u00adrilerini
\nbenimsemi\u015f, temsil edilen her bir sosyal sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in on delege atand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan
\n\u00f6zellikle bir i\u015fleyi\u015f \u015femas\u0131 alt\u0131nda m\u00fczakere masas\u0131nda etkili olma ihtimali
\n\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek sivil toplumlardaki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden biri oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 ad\u0131na
\nson derece g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici sivil kat\u0131l\u0131m modeli sunar. <\/p>\n
\nbir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. k\u0131smen \u00e7ok ihti\u00adras dolu olduklar\u0131nda, k\u0131smense
\nkaybolduklar\u0131ndan, 1999\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir referandum bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tas\u00addik
\netmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, tamamen riayet edilmemi\u015f 13 anla\u015fma ve 300 taahh\u00fctten
\nmeydana geliyordu. Bu y\u00fczden Guatemala s\u00fcreci a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beklentiler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ele\u015ftirilir, bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beklentiler masada daha az ihtirasl\u0131 ama
\nger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir anla\u015fman\u0131n m\u0131 yoksa bunun tam tersinin mi daha iyi oldu\u011fu
\nkonusunda iki\u00adlem olu\u015fturur. Her hal\u00fckarda, bu anla\u015fma silahl\u0131 \u015fiddete son
\nvermi\u015ftir ve 2007\u2019de, y\u0131llar sonra, cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 Uluslar aras\u0131 Komisyon\u2019un
\nkurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\n\u015fimdiki k\u00f6kleri, sava\u015f yorgunlu\u011fundan, di\u011fer s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131ndan, bar\u0131\u015f
\nsa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ekonomik gereksi\u00adnimden, yeni Birle\u015fik Devletler y\u00f6netiminin
\ndeste\u011finden ya da n\u00fcfusun muazzam bar\u0131\u015f \u00f6zleminden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun
\nbir ortam\u0131n bulundu\u011fu seksenli y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131r. 1987\u2019de kuzey
\n\u0130rlanda Sosyal Demokrat ve \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin (SDlP) lideri John Hume ve Britanya
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda ilk gizli diyaloglar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Hume on bir y\u0131l son\u00adra
\nkuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019daki bar\u0131\u015fa katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alacakt\u0131.
\n1990\u2019da Sinn F\u00e9in liderleriyle (Yaln\u0131z kendimiz) bir ileti\u015fim kanal\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve
\n1993\u2019\u00fcn aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Britanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zerklik hakk\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00adbul
\nedildi\u011fi ve Sinn F\u00e9in\u2019le siyasi diyaloga girilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130rlanda
\nn\u00fcfusuyla yap\u0131lacak bir anla\u015fma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flama taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn verildi\u011fi Downing
\nStreet Bildirisi\u2019ni yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu 1994\u2019te IRA\u2019n\u0131n (\u0130rlanda cumhuriyet Ordusu)
\n2006\u2019n\u0131n \u015fubat ay\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek olan bir ate\u015fkes ilan etmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n2005\u2019in ocak ay\u0131nda y\u00f6netim taraftar\u0131 milis gruplar ate\u015fkes ilan etti ve ayn\u0131
\ny\u0131l\u0131n kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Birle\u015fik Devletler ba\u015fkan\u0131 Bill Clinton kuzey \u0130rlanda\u2019y\u0131
\nziyaret etti, bunun s\u00fcrece b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131z kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nsenat\u00f6r George Mitchell\u2019in arabuluculu\u011fuyla, \u201cyeterli oy birli\u011fi ilkesiyle
\ni\u015fleyen, yani, ana partiler kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00adce kararlar\u0131n salt \u00e7o\u011funluk
\ntaraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok partili m\u00fczakerelere ba\u015fland\u0131. karar almak, hem Katolik
\nMilli\u00adyet\u00e7ilerin hem de Protestan Birlik\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun gerekti\u011fi ve \u201cher
\n\u015fey karar verilene kadar hi\u00e7bir \u015feye karar verilmez , yani, her \u015feyde karara
\nvar\u0131lana kadar k\u0131smi anla\u015fmalar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi yoktur ilkesine g\u00f6re m\u00fczakerenin
\nyap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cparalel r\u0131za diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015feyi de i\u00e7ermektedir. eski senat\u00f6r
\nGeorge Mitchell\u2019in arabuluculu\u011funda, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde sadece bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve siyasi
\nara\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fulmu\u015ftur, bu \u201cMitchell ilkeleri olarak
\nadland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Britanya kuzey \u0130rlanda Bakan\u0131 Mo Moulam, onlar\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f
\ns\u00fcrecinde yer almaya ikna etmek amac\u0131yla \u0131ra ve Protestan milis gruplara \u00fcye
\nolan tutuklularla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in hapishaneleri ziyaret ederek cesaretini g\u00f6s\u00adterdi.
\n1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0131ra, Sinn F\u00e9in\u2019in \u00e7ok partili diyaloga yeniden kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131
\nsa\u011flayan ikinci bir ate\u015fkes ilan etti. en sonunda 1998\u2019in nisan ay\u0131nda, siyasi
\nreform, kuzey \u0130rlanda kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n reformu, Britanya-\u0130rlanda Bakanlar
\nKurulu\u2019nun, kuzey-G\u00fcney Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nun ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 komisyonunun
\nolu\u015fumunun yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 ya da Belfast anla\u015fmas\u0131 (\u201ckutsal
\ncuma olarak da bilinir) imzaland\u0131. Yedi y\u0131l sonra, 2005\u2019te \u0131ra silahl\u0131
\nm\u00fccadeleyi terk etti. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Katolikler ve Protestanlar aras\u0131nda ortak
\nbir H\u00fck\u00fcmet kuruldu ve 2008\u2019de \u0131ra resmi ve nihai olarak da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu uzla\u015fman\u0131n
\nmeyve vermesi uzun y\u0131llar alacak ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle \u015fu anki nesil bunu g\u00f6reme\u00adyecek
\nama sald\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n ilerleme kaydedilebilecek. <\/p>\n
\nm\u00fcsait bir ortam sonucunda hayat bulmu\u015ftur. Seksenli y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda G\u00fcney Afrika
\nidari sorunlar ya\u015f\u0131yordu, \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikas\u0131 \u00fczerinde muazzam bir d\u0131\u015f
\nbask\u0131 vard\u0131, \u00fclke \u00f6nemli bir ekonomik krizin i\u00e7indeydi ve Ber\u00adlin Duvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n
\ny\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Sovyet \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6kmesi sonucunda Nelson Mandela\u2019n\u0131n Afrika
\nUlusal konseyi (anc) d\u0131\u015f deste\u011fi kaybetmi\u015fti. t\u00fcm bu fakt\u00f6rler bir m\u00fczakere
\nlehine 1989\u2019da bir araya gelmi\u015fti ki g\u00f6reve yeni se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ba\u015fkan De Klerk yeni
\nreformlar yap\u0131yordu. De Klerk, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015fan ve uzla\u015fma ve demokrasiye ge\u00e7i\u015f
\ni\u00e7in bir yap\u0131 arayan di\u011fer \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in bir idol haline gelen Mandela\u2019yla gizli
\nm\u00fczakerelere ba\u015flad\u0131. Mandela has\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenini ve sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kazanmak i\u00e7in
\ns\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ikna yetene\u011fini kulland\u0131 ve gizli diyaloglar\u0131 resmi m\u00fc\u00adzakerelere
\n\u00e7evirdi. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda, t\u00fcm siyasi olu\u015fumlar\u0131n yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda
\nserbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131 ve ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6\u00adnemine girildi. ertesi y\u0131l\u0131n mart ay\u0131nda
\nkiliseler, ticari kon\u00ads\u00fcltasyon hareketinin olu\u015fturulma noktas\u0131nda, de\u011fi\u015fimle
\nbirlikte en g\u00f6zde sekt\u00f6r haline gelen ticaret sekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok iyi
\nkar\u015f\u0131lanan bir bar\u0131\u015f konferans\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. <\/p>\n
\ni\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu: (altm\u0131\u015f ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan) Ulusal Bar\u0131\u015f komisyonu ve (yedi
\nki\u015fiden olu\u015fan) Ulusal Bar\u0131\u015f Sekreterli\u011fi ve b\u00f6lgesel ve yerel yap\u0131lar. Son
\ns\u00f6ylenenler (siyasi partilerin, i\u015fverenlerin, sendikalar\u0131n, yerel y\u00f6neti\u00admlerin,
\npolisin, yerel komisyonlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerin temsilcilerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131)
\non bir b\u00f6lgesel bar\u0131\u015f komisyo\u00adnu, (her bir komisyon olu\u015fumunu yans\u0131tan ve
\nb\u00f6lgesel komisyonlar\u0131 yan\u0131tlayan) 260 yerel bar\u0131\u015f komisyonu ve <\/p>\n
\ntoplum Meclisi\u2019ne benzeyen bu sivil yap\u0131, 1994\u2019te Nelson Mandela\u2019n\u0131n kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131
\ngenel se\u00e7imler yap\u0131lana ve anayasal Meclis ve 1999\u2019a kadar i\u015flevini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren
\nUzla\u015fma ve Hakikat Komisyonu\u2019nun temellerini atan ge\u00e7ici bir H\u00fck\u00fcmetin
\nkurulmas\u0131na kadar \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca m\u00fczakere g\u00fcndeminin konular\u0131n\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n1996\u2019n\u0131n aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda, zorluklarla dolu ama \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nyeni 21. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n temellerini atan yeni anayasa kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n
\nt\u00fcm\u00fc, bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde, lider karizmas\u0131na sahip, G\u00fcney Afrika mucize\u00adsindeki
\n\u201cinsan fakt\u00f6r\u00fc , ba\u015fkan Nelson Mandela\u2019n\u0131n cesa\u00adreti sayesindedir ve onun
\n\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa hediyesidir, ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla gelen afla birlikte, tek bir
\nuzla\u015fma te\u00adcr\u00fcbesini i\u00e7eren kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 modeli d\u00fcnyaya hediye etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
\nilan ettikten bir y\u0131l sonra, 50.000 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7an i\u00e7 sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.
\nMay\u0131s ay\u0131nda, \u0130slami gruplar\u0131n ve di\u011fer g\u00fc\u00e7lerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gayri resmi bir
\nkoalis\u00adyon olan Tacik muhalefeti tezah\u00fcr ettikten iki ay son\u00adra iktidar\u0131 ele
\nge\u00e7irdi. liderli\u011fini Abdullo Nuri\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birle\u015fik Tacik Muhalefeti (BtM)
\naral\u0131k ay\u0131nda yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131ktan sonra Afganistan\u2019a iltica etti. <\/p>\n
\nsekreterli\u011fe yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131yla Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin ilk ke\u015fif misyonu
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler toplulu\u011fundaki (BDt) d\u00f6rt
\ndevletin, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Kazakistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla
\nbirlikte Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin ikinci ke\u015fif misyonu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. nisan ay\u0131nda
\n\u0130smat Kittani, genel sekreterlik \u00f6zel temsilcisi olarak atand\u0131. 1993\u2019\u00fcn ocak
\nay\u0131nda, Kittani\u2019nin yerini Ramiro Piriz-Ball\u00f3n ald\u0131. 1993 Mart\u0131nda, sava\u015fta yer
\nalan yedi farkl\u0131 grubun fertleri Moskova\u2019da ayn\u0131 masaya oturtuldu\u011funda \u201cTacik-aras\u0131
\ngayri resmi diyalog ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Diyaloglar 1997\u2019de bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131
\nimzaland\u0131ktan sonra da de\u00advam etti ve olaylar\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131nda belir bir etkisi
\nolmu\u015ftur. 1993\u2019\u00fcn eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda BDt\u2019nin Bakanlar Kurulu, Rusya Federasyonu, Kazakistan,
\nK\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve \u00d6zbekistan bir\u00adliklerinden olu\u015fan ortak bar\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc harekete
\nge\u00e7irdi. D\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar daha \u015fimdiden hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r derecede azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
\n(siyasi anla\u015fma, m\u00fclteciler sorunu ve Devlet konsolidasyonu) ilk m\u00fczakere turu
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Haziranda Tahran\u2019da, g\u00f6zlemci olarak aG\u0130t\u2019in (Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve
\n\u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi te\u015fkilat\u0131) kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ikinci m\u00fczakere tutu at\u0131ld\u0131. eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda Tahran\u2019da,
\nBirle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler heyeti taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ge\u00e7ici bir ate\u015fkesin
\nimzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dan\u0131\u015fma toplant\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu toplant\u0131da Rus ve Acem bakanlar
\nBtM\u2019yi ikna etmede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131lar. ekimde, g\u00f6zlemci olarak \u0130slam
\nkonferans\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (\u0130k\u00d6) kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla \u0130slamabad\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. ate\u015fkesi g\u00f6zetmek i\u00e7in bir ortak komitenin kuruldu\u011fu bir
\nprotokolle sona gelindi. aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda misyonu, durumu g\u00f6zetmek ve b\u00f6lgesel
\nbar\u0131\u015f giri\u015fimlerini desteklemek olan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Millet\u00adler Tacikistan G\u00f6zlemci
\nMisyonu (UnMOt) olu\u015fturuldu. <\/p>\n
\nm\u00fcbadelesi ve m\u00fcltecilerin \u00fclkelerine geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle ilgili bir anla\u015fman\u0131n yer
\nald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc tur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. BtM, H\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan reddedilen bir
\nge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00f6nerisi sundu. temmuz ve a\u011fustos aylar\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler
\nheyeti, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rahmanov ve BtM lideri, Nuri aras\u0131nda \u201ckons\u00fcltasyon
\nm\u00fczakerelerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in Du\u015fanbe ve kabil aras\u0131nda be\u015f u\u00e7u\u015f yapt\u0131. a\u011fustos
\nay\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rahmanov ve Nuri, yol haritas\u0131 haline gelen ve
\nm\u00fczakerelerde \u201ckesintisiz turun ger\u00e7ekle\u00admesini sa\u011flayan, Tacikistan\u2019da Ulusal
\nMutabakat ve Bar\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n Sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel \u0130lkeler Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc imzalad\u0131.
\nkas\u0131m ay\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmenistan, A\u015fkabat\u2019ta kesintisiz turun ilk evresi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.
\nMuhalefet temsilcilerinin H\u00fck\u00fcmete ve muha\u00adlif askeri birliklerin Silahl\u0131
\nkuvvetlere nas\u0131l d\u00e2hil edilece\u011fi ele al\u0131nd\u0131. 1996 temmuzunda T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019\u0131n A\u015fkabat
\n\u015fehrinde kesintisiz turun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc evresi yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve Ramiro Piriz-Ball\u00f3n\u2019un
\nyerini Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler genel sekreterlik temsilcisi, Gerd Meller ald\u0131.
\naral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Rahmanov ve Nuri Afganistan\u2019da bir araya geldi ve bir ate\u015fkes
\nyapt\u0131lar. <\/p>\n
\nbelirleyici kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla Tahran\u2019da M\u00fclteciler Protokol\u00fc imzaland\u0131. Ocak ay\u0131ndan
\nmay\u0131s ay\u0131na kadar tahran, Moskova, Me\u015fhed (\u0130ran) ve Bi\u015fkek\u2019te taraflar\u0131n, Str
\n(Silahs\u0131zlanma, terhis, Yeniden entegrasyon) y\u00f6ntemleri, Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlere
\nentegre, \u0130slami kalk\u0131nma Partisi\u2019nin yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve BtM temsilcilerinin
\niktidara %30\u2019luk oranda kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusunda anla\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 diyalog turlar\u0131
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bi\u015fkek turunda, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan de\u00advlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n dostane
\ngiri\u015fimiyle Siyasi \u0130\u015fler Protokol\u00fc imzaland\u0131. Mart ay\u0131nda, BDt kuvvetlerinin Afganistan\u2019daki
\nBirle\u015fik Tacik Muhalefeti (BM) birliklerine Birle\u015fmi\u015f Mi\u00adlletler Tacikistan
\nG\u00f6zlemci Misyonu taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zetilen i\u00e7tima alanlar\u0131na kadar e\u015flik etmesine
\nolanak veren Har\u00adbiye Protokol\u00fc imzaland\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Rus D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131
\nPrimakov\u2019un belirleyici katk\u0131s\u0131 bulunuyordu. en sonunda, 27 Haziranda Kremlin\u2019de
\nGenel Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. temmuz ay\u0131nda Moskova\u2019da, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 af
\nkanununun ve g\u00fcnler sonra Parlamento taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan genel af kanunuyla
\nilgili bir projenin onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk Ulusal Uzla\u015fma komisyonu toplant\u0131s\u0131
\nyap\u0131ld\u0131. kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Viyana\u2019da 96 milyon dolar\u0131n topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f
\nkonferans\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi. <\/p>\n
\nUzla\u015fma komisyonuyla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131, Str\u2019yi g\u00f6zetmesi ve ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi boyunca
\nBirle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 koordine etmesi i\u00e7in misyonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.
\n1999\u2019da olays\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Rahmanov tekrar devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131
\nse\u00e7ildi. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
\nRusya ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bar\u0131\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 (son turla bu iki \u00fclkedeki \u015fehirlerde
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir) T\u00fcrkiye ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n Tacik muhalefeti hakk\u0131nda
\ny\u00f6nlendirici etkisi Afganistan\u2019da Taliban\u2019\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi (Tacik muhalefetinin
\narkas\u0131n\u0131 yaslad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kaybetmesi) Birle\u015fmi\u015f Mi\u00adlletlerin ve onun Siyasi
\n\u0130\u015fler Departman\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc dost \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrecin iyi
\ny\u00f6netilmesi G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131k talimat\u0131 d\u00f6rt BDt \u00fclkesiyle
\n(K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Kazakistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve Rusya) iyi bir koordinasyon sa\u011flanmas\u0131
\n\u0130ran, Pakistan, Afganistan ve T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zlemci olarak kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te
\nm\u00fcttefik olarak yer alan ve bar\u0131\u015fa garant\u00f6r olan aG\u0130t ve \u0130k\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn rol\u00fc
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131k ve ate\u015fkesin ihlali devam etmekte iken yap\u0131lan kesintisiz
\nm\u00fczakereler (m\u00fczakereler sava\u015f stratejisinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturuyordu)
\nTacikistan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rahmanov ve yedi durumda kendi delegelerine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck
\netmi\u015f Tacik Mu\u00adhalefet lideri Nuri aras\u0131ndaki ki\u015fisel m\u00fcnasebetler s\u00fcrecin
\ngizlili\u011fi her zaman ilk tasar\u0131lar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan ve vakalar\u0131n %95\u2019inde kabul
\ng\u00f6ren Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler arabulucular\u0131 ve delegelerin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki ki\u015filer
\naras\u0131ndaki ola\u011fan kons\u00fcl\u00adtasyon format\u0131 ve m\u00fczakerelerin geli\u015fiminde olumlu
\nbir etkiye sahip \u201cTacik-aras\u0131 gayri resmi diyalogun olmas\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nBirle\u015fik cephe (rUF) taraf\u0131ndan gelecek sene askeri bir darbeyle devrilecek
\nolan devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Momoh\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131yla 75.000 ki\u015finin
\n\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7 sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Strasser devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131k
\ndevam etti\u011finden rUF yeni taleplerde bulun\u00addu. ekim ay\u0131nda rUF, anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n
\ndevam etmesinde temel olan elmas madenlerinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi. <\/p>\n
\netmeye raz\u0131 etmesi i\u00e7in BM genel sekreterli\u011finin arabuluculu\u011funu istedi. Genel
\nsekreterlik, rUF\u2019la temas kurmay\u0131 denemek i\u00e7in bir yetkili g\u00f6nderdi ama
\nba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamad\u0131. Buna cevaben genel sekreterlik Sierra Leone i\u00e7in \u00f6zel
\ntemsilci olarak, g\u00f6revi rUF\u2019la temas kurmak olan Berhanu Dinka\u2019y\u0131
\ng\u00f6revlendirdi. 1995\u2019te, BM, ecOWaS (Bat\u0131 Afrika Devletleri ekonomik toplulu\u011fu)
\nve OUa(Birle\u015fik Afrika \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu i\u00e7in m\u00fczakere etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve
\nayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Britanya \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc alert International, BM ve rUF
\naras\u0131nda Abican\u2019da (abid\u00adjan \u2013 Fil Di\u015fi Sahili) bir toplant\u0131 ayarlamaya yard\u0131m
\netti. 1996 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n mart ay\u0131nda Ahmad Tejan Kabbah\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7ildi\u011fi ba\u015fkanl\u0131k
\nse\u00e7imleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. rUF kat\u0131l\u0131mda bulunmad\u0131 ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131k devam etti ama 25
\nekimde H\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00fcst\u00fcn geldi ve rUF bir ate\u015fkes anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aranacak m\u00fczakerelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na da karar verildi. Bu
\nm\u00fczakereler Fildi\u015fi Sahili, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, OUa ve \u0130ngiliz Uluslar
\n(Milletler) toplulu\u011funun arabuluculu\u011fuyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. nisan ay\u0131nda, Kabbah ve
\nSankoh Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nde y\u00fcz y\u00fcze bulu\u015ftu, ate\u015fkes ilan edilmesine ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma
\ngruplar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na karar verdiler. OUa daha aktif bir \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahil
\nolmaya karar verdi ve \u00f6zel bir temsilci atad\u0131. M\u00fczakereler kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda, ilk
\nba\u015flarda anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa son veren Abican (abidjan) anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla
\nsonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu anla\u015fma genel af, rUF\u2019un siyasi bir parti i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini
\ndile getirmesini ve bir silahs\u0131zlanma, terhis ve yeniden entegrasyon (Str)
\ns\u00fcreci sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Bu anla\u015fma ayr\u0131ca se\u00e7im, yarg\u0131 ve siyasi reform da
\nsa\u011fl\u0131yordu. 1996\u2019n\u0131n aral\u0131k ay\u0131 ve 1997\u2019nin ocak ay\u0131 aras\u0131nda BM genel
\nsekreterli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen bir de\u011ferlendirme grubu Sierra Leone\u2019yi
\nziyaret etti ve 3 Ocakta bahsi ge\u00e7en grup rUF lideriyle bir araya gelmeyi
\nba\u015fard\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nPaul koroma rUF\u2019un yard\u0131m\u0131yla as\u00adkeri darbe yapt\u0131 ve \u00fclkede mevcut olan ecOMOG
\nbirlikleriyle (askeri G\u00f6zlemci Grubu) \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Silahl\u0131 kuvvetler
\nDevrimci Konseyi\u2019ni kurdu. ekim ay\u0131nda Conakry\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve
\nate\u015fkes, ecOMOG teyit mekanizmas\u0131, Str, darbecilere dokunulmazl\u0131k, Sankoh\u2019un
\ngeri iadesi ve devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Kabbah\u2019\u0131n anayasal H\u00fck\u00fcmeti yeniden kurmas\u0131n\u0131
\nsa\u011flayan bir bar\u0131\u015f plan\u0131 imzaland\u0131. 1998 \u015fubat\u0131nda ecOMOG, rUF ve cunta
\nordusunun m\u00fc\u015fterek taarruzuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, cuntan\u0131n sona ermesine ve
\nFreetown\u2019dan ihra\u00e7 edilmesine yol a\u00e7an bir askeri sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. Devlet
\nba\u015fkan\u0131 Kabbah g\u00f6revine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve yeni bir H\u00fck\u00fcmet kurdu. ayr\u0131ca Birle\u015fmi\u015f
\nMilletler Sierra Leone G\u00f6zlemci Misyonu da kuruldu (UnOMS\u0131l). tutuklanan Foday
\nSankoh teslim olma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131 ama k\u0131smen Liberya\u2019n\u0131n rUF \u00fcyeleri\u00adne verdi\u011fi
\ndestek sayesinde m\u00fccadeleler devam etti. <\/p>\n
\nMay\u0131s\u2019ta Lome anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve rUF aras\u0131nda diyaloga ba\u015fland\u0131.
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmet genel af s\u00f6z\u00fc vererek Sankoh\u2019u Freetown\u2019dan Lome\u2019ye nakletti. Togo
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmeti m\u00fczakerelere kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131. ate\u015fkes ilan edildi ve sava\u015f
\ntutuklular\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. anla\u015fmadaki ana \u015fartlar rUF\u2019un siyasi bir
\npartiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, ulusal birlik i\u00e7erisinde bir H\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulmas\u0131, Sankoh\u2019un
\nba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilmesi, arabuluculu\u011fun fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine
\ngetirebil\u00admesi i\u00e7in Se\u00e7kinler ve Dini liderler Meclisi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131, genel af,
\nse\u00e7imlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve Str\u2019ye
\nba\u015flamak, G\u00fcven ve Uzla\u015fma Komisyonu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131 ve ecOMOG kuvvetlerinin
\na\u015famal\u0131 olarak geri \u00e7ekilmesiydi. Togo, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, OUa ve \u0130ngiliz
\nUluslar toplulu\u011funun bu anla\u015fman\u0131n ga\u00adrant\u00f6rleri olaca\u011f\u0131na karar verildi. ekim
\nay\u0131nda Sankoh ve koroma Freetown\u2019a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Lome anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ye\u00adrine
\ngetirmek i\u00e7in UnaMS\u0131l kuruldu (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Sierra Leone Misyonu). kas\u0131m
\nay\u0131nda Abuya\u2019da UnaMS\u0131l\u2019e g\u00f6zetme g\u00f6revi sa\u011flayan ve Str\u2019nin acilen yeniden
\nba\u015flamas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan bir ate\u015fkes anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Bu anla\u015fma rUF
\ni\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelere neden oldu. <\/p>\n
\nbar\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc askerleri) ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, bu da \u0130ngiliz askeri m\u00fcdahalesine, rUF\u2019un
\nda\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na ve Sankoh\u2019un tutuklanmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bununla birlikte kas\u0131m
\nay\u0131nda Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bir Str program\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131
\ns\u0131ra UnaMS\u0131l\u2019in g\u00f6zetimin\u00adde bir ate\u015fkesin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve rUF taraf\u0131ndan
\nsilahlar\u0131n teslim edilmesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1. abuja anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.
\nM\u00fccadeleler devam etti\u011finden, 2001\u2019de Gine birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan rUF\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131
\nbir sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlen\u00addi. Bununla birlikte, may\u0131s ay\u0131nda rUF ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131nda
\nbir Str program\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu 2. abuja anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. nihayet 2002
\nOca\u011f\u0131nda i\u00e7 sava\u015fa son verildi. Sankoh hapiste \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci, t\u00fcm ini\u015f
\n\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klarla birlikte sekiz y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
\nmuhalif grup SPla\u2019n\u0131n, \u00fclkenin SPla taraf\u0131ndan savu\u00adnulan g\u00fcney k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Sudan Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nzamana dayan\u0131r. Bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bir milyondan fazla ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep
\nolmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk ke\u015fifler 1988\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir ve bir y\u0131l sonra H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve
\nSPla, \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinin \u00f6zerkli\u011fi i\u00e7in bir referandum yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na arabulu\u00adcu
\nbir birim olan \u0131GaD\u2019\u0131n \u0130lkeler Bildirisi\u2019ni imzalad\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nyap\u0131lacak bir referandumdan \u00f6nce \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyine \u00f6zerkli\u011fin verildi\u011fi bir
\nprensip anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. ayr\u0131ca Sudan devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve SPla lideri aras\u0131nda
\nilk arac\u0131s\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu. 2002 ve 2004 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Kenya\u2019da,
\nkonularla ilgili geni\u015f bir g\u00fcndem hakk\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015famalar\u0131n kaydedildi\u011fi
\n\u00e7e\u015fitli m\u00fczakere turlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu turlar 5 Ocak 2005\u2019te, g\u00fcney ve
\nkuzeyin ayr\u0131 Silahl\u0131 kuvvetlere sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131, daha ihtilafl\u0131 b\u00f6lge\u00adler i\u00e7in
\nm\u00fc\u015fterek bir kuvvet olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131, alt\u0131 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir otonominin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131,
\n2011\u2019de \u00f6zerklikle ilgili bir referandum yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, petrol gelirlerinin e\u015fit
\nbir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n SPla\u2019ya verilece\u011fi bir
\nUlusal Birlik H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kesin bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131
\nyap\u0131ld\u0131. ayr\u0131ca, \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinde \u0130slam Hukuku\u2019na ba\u015fvurulmayaca\u011f\u0131na ve her
\nb\u00f6lgenin kendi bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131na karar verildi. S\u00fcre\u00e7, bir bar\u0131\u015f
\nanla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanana kadar yedi sene, toplamda ise 13 sene s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
\nki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u015fiddet dalgas\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyen olaya, \u00fclkenin ilk Hutu (Ruanda
\nve Burundi\u2019deki etnik bir grup) devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine dayan\u0131r. Be\u015f
\ny\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar, 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tanzanya\u2019da ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bu \u00fclkenin devlet
\nba\u015fkan\u0131 Nyerere ve daha sonra Nelson Mandela taraf\u0131ndan kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flanana
\nkadar ilk bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda 17
\nsiyasi partinin ve \u00fclkedeki Hutu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kat\u0131l\u0131m
\ng\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Arusha anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131 ve bu da ilk ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131
\nsa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2002 ve 2003 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda di\u011fer iki \u00f6nemli grupla, cnDD-FDD ve
\nPal\u0131PeHUtU-Fnl\u2019yle anla\u015fmalar imzaland\u0131, b\u00f6ylece geriye sadece tek bir grupla,
\nlideri Agathon Rwasa\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131 y\u0131l daha bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalamayaca\u011f\u0131
\nFnl\u2019yle yap\u0131lacak anla\u015fma kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
\nal\u0131namamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 2002 ve 2004 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ga\u00adbon, Tanzanya, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Kenya,
\nHollanda ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve uzla\u015fman\u0131n
\nyenide sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterilen \u00e7abalara yard\u0131m etme talimat\u0131 alan Birle\u015fmi\u015f
\nMilletler Burundi Operasyonu (OnUB) kuruldu. Bu talimat, eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019yla
\nberaber arabulucu \u00fclke olan Tanzanya\u2019da Fnl\u2019yle, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\nGenel ate\u015fkes anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l olan 2006\u2019ya kadar i\u015flevini
\ns\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc: anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebeplerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilen etnik sorunun
\nd\u00fczeltilmesi Fnl \u00fcye\u00adleri i\u00e7in ko\u015fullu dokunulmazl\u0131k ve Fnl\u2019nin siyasi partiye
\nd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi m\u00fclteci n\u00fcfusun \u00fclkelerine geri d\u00f6nmesi ve yerinden edilmi\u015f
\nki\u015filerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenlik ve savunma g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin tertibinde revizyon.
\nBahsi ge\u00e7en sene\u00adnin ekim ay\u0131nda, bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar \u00e7abalar\u0131nda H\u00fck\u00fcmete yard\u0131m
\netmesi talimat\u0131yla OnUB\u2019un y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifleten Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Burundi
\nentegrasyon B\u00fcrosu kuruldu. <\/p>\n
\nhuzurunda bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131, b\u00f6ylece Fnl\u2019ye 33 mevkiinin verildi\u011fi
\nsiyasi iktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve bu grubun silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na
\nba\u015fland\u0131. Bu bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci on iki y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
\ngrup GaM (\u00d6zg\u00fcr a\u00e7e Hareketi) a\u00e7e\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 talep etti\u011finde ba\u015flad\u0131.
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131k 15.000 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Merkezi Cenevre\u2019de bulunan,
\nate\u015fkes Yap\u0131s\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan \u0130nsani Diyalog
\nMerkezi\u2019nin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kolayl\u0131klarla birlikte ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bununla birlikte iki taraf \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc silahl\u0131
\nfaaliyeti b\u0131rakmak istemiyorlard\u0131. ayr\u0131ca Do\u011fu Timor\u2019un \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6nce
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 ve Endonezya ordusunun bir b\u00f6lge daha kaybetmek
\nistememesi de et\u00adkili olmu\u015ftu. M\u00fczakerelerin ikinci turu 2002 May\u0131s\u0131nda yine Cenevre\u2019de
\nve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc 2003 May\u0131s\u0131nda Tokyo\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla birlikte GaM, H\u00fck\u00fcmetin
\na\u00e7\u0131k bir tav\u0131rla reddetti\u011fi A\u00e7e\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131srar ediyor\u00addu. B\u00f6ylece
\ns\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan edildi ve tekrar d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu, yine de, 46 y\u0131ld\u0131r
\nfinansal dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapan bir Finlinin, Juha Christensen\u2019in \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan taraflarla
\nkesik kesik ileti\u015fim sa\u011flamay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi ve bu da m\u00fczakerelerin
\ngelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nem arz ediyordu. . <\/p>\n
\n\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olan bir tsunami meydana geldi. A\u00e7e b\u00f6lgesini uluslar aras\u0131
\ntopluma a\u00e7mak zorunda b\u0131rakan bu do\u011fa olay\u0131 durumu tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve
\nm\u00fczakereleri tekrar ba\u015flatmaya olanak sa\u011flayan bir tepki uyand\u0131rd\u0131. 2005
\nOca\u011f\u0131nda Finlandiya eski devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Martti Ahtisaari taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen
\nkriz Y\u00f6netimi Giri\u015fimi\u2019nin arabuluculu\u011fuyla ilk yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Birka\u00e7
\nay i\u00e7in\u00adde pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olay meydana geldi: iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc ate\u015fkes, s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki GaM
\n\u00fcyeleriyle \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te yap\u0131lan bir toplant\u0131, GaM liderlerinin tutuklanmas\u0131
\ntalebinin geri \u00e7ekilmesi ve ileri derecede \u00f6zerkli\u011fe uyum sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na
\nba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ta\u00adlebinden vazge\u00e7tiklerinden GaM\u2019la ilgili kriterin de\u011fi\u015fmesi. Bu
\nsuretle, \u00f6zel bir otonomi m\u00fczakere edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131 ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131
\nanla\u015fmaya var\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir zaman s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 (yaza kadar) koydu. nihayet 2006
\na\u011fustosunda GaM ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131nda 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa son veren anlay\u0131\u015f
\nMuht\u0131ras\u0131 imzaland\u0131. anla\u015fma, G\u00fcven ve Uzla\u015fma komisyonunun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131
\ns\u0131ra d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n sona ermesi ve GaM\u2019\u0131n silahs\u0131zlanmas\u0131na, askeri ve po\u00adlis
\nkuvvetlerinin geri \u00e7ekilmesine ve GaM \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7in genel af ve GaM\u2019\u0131n siyasi
\nkat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda GaM\u2019\u0131n aday\u0131 A\u00e7e b\u00f6lge idarecisi
\nilan edildi. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci iki a\u015famas\u0131yla birlikte be\u015f sene s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n
\nkom\u00fcnist Partisi (cPn), Nepal monar\u015fisi kuvvetle\u00adrine kar\u015f\u0131 durdu\u011fu zaman
\nba\u015flad\u0131. anla\u015fmazl\u0131k 10.000 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda gizlilik
\ni\u00e7erisinde ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015fland\u0131 ve ilk iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc ge\u00e7ici ate\u015fkes sa\u011fland\u0131.
\nertesi y\u0131l, sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namayan resmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015fland\u0131. 2005 kas\u0131m\u0131nda cPn Nepal\u2019deki
\nyedi partiyle ittifak kurdu, b\u00f6ylece BM g\u00f6zetiminde silahs\u0131zlanman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra
\ndemokrasinin kurulmas\u0131, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131, BM g\u00f6zetiminde serbest se\u00e7im
\n\u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 gibi konular hakk\u0131nda karar al\u0131nd\u0131. Bir sene sonra, 2006 Haziran\u0131nda
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmet ve cPn aras\u0131nda bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa son veren bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. <\/p>\n\n
\n ve CPN aras\u0131nda imzalanan ate\u015fkesle ilgili t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra CPN ve yedi
\n siyasi parti aras\u0131nda 22 Kas\u0131m 2005\u2019te karara ba\u011flanan 12 maddelik
\n anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131<\/li>\n
\n sistemi taahh\u00fcd\u00fc, medeni \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcrl\u00fckler, temel haklar, insan haklar\u0131, bas\u0131n
\n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve demokratik de\u011ferler ve normlara ili\u015fkin
\n faaliyetleri bar\u0131\u015f yoluyla s\u0131rayla yerine getirmek. <\/li>\n
\n yap\u0131lacak adil se\u00e7imlere g\u00f6zlemcili\u00ad\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetlerin ve
\n iki tarafta da bulunan silahlar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin
\n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 istemek. <\/li>\n
\n ate\u015fkes t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde ve ge\u00e7ici Anayasa tasar\u0131s\u0131nda belirtilen
\n taahh\u00fctlere dayanan, 1990 ve 2006 halk hareketiyle kazan\u0131lan demokratik
\n haklar\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na almak ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7ici bir H\u00fck\u00fcmet kurmak,
\n Anayasal Meclis i\u00e7in se\u00e7im ta\u00adrihini belirlemek ve oybirli\u011fine dayanan
\n alternatif bir anla\u015fma yoluyla Maocu halk\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmetini ve Kongre\u2019yi
\n feshetmek. <\/li>\n
\n arz etti\u011finin ve anlay\u0131\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7eve\u00adsinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeleri gerekti\u011finin karara
\n ba\u011flanmas\u0131. <\/li>\n
\n haklar\u0131n\u0131n korkudan, tehditlerden ve \u015fiddetten etkilenmemi\u015f yeni bir
\n Anayasa olu\u015fturan s\u00fcrecin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti etmek. Se\u00e7imler
\n i\u00e7in uluslar aras\u0131 denetim ve g\u00f6zetim talep edilecek. <\/li>\n
\n se\u00e7imleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131flar, \u0131rklar, din ve cinsiyetle ilgili
\n problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in ka\u00addemeli bir \u015fekilde yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lacak.
\n Demokrasi, bar\u0131\u015f, refah, geli\u015fim, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, \u00fclkenin egemenli\u011fi ve \u00f6z
\n sayg\u0131 gibi konulara \u00f6zel ilgiyle birlikte diyalog yoluyla problemleri
\n \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in ate\u015fkesi daimi bar\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00adme taahh\u00fcd\u00fc yerine getirilecek.\n <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\ncumhuriyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131yla, H\u00fck\u00fcmet Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetlerini
\nyeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131rken Bir\u00adle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Maocu kuvvetlerin kararg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 ve
\nyeniden entegrasyonunu g\u00f6zetecekti. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <\/p>\n
\nkarma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilecek \u00e7e\u015fitli tablolar g\u00f6sterilmektedir.
\nM\u00fczakere yoluyla, m\u00fcdahil taraflar\u0131n herkes bir \u015fey kazans\u0131n ve hi\u00e7 kimse
\ntamamen kaybe\u00adtmesin diye diyalog yoluyla \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ve s\u0131f\u0131r
\ntoplamdan ba\u015fka bir sonuca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir anla\u015fma yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrecin esas\u0131n\u0131 kavramaktay\u0131z. arabuluculuk yoluyla
\nda, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan taraflar\u0131n bir m\u00fczakereye ba\u015flamalar\u0131na ve diyalog ve ta\u00adahh\u00fct
\nyoluyla bir anla\u015fmaya varmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak ad\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri faaliyetlerin esas\u0131n\u0131 kavramaktay\u0131z. <\/p>\n
\ni\u00e7erikli anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda ortaya konan 1.153 m\u00fczakerenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen
\nbir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, %40,3\u2019\u00fc \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ola\u00adrak bir anla\u015fma elde etti, %6,7\u2019si bir
\nate\u015fkes sa\u011flad\u0131 ve %53 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.5 <\/sup>Her hal\u00fckarda,
\nyar\u0131s\u0131 dolu yars\u0131 bo\u015f bardak olay\u0131ndaki gibi, bu istatistik g\u00f6receli ba\u015far\u0131ya
\nsahip m\u00fczakere \u00f6rnekleriyle ilgili \u00f6nemli bir y\u00fczdeyi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.
\nayn\u0131 derecede \u00f6nem arz eden bir veri de, y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f bir
\nanla\u015fmayla sona eren i\u00e7 sava\u015f vakalar\u0131n\u0131n artma e\u011filimidir. 1960\u2019larda bu
\nvakalar %10 civar\u0131ndaysa da, 1990\u2019larda %54\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, 1970\u2019lerdeki
\n%65\u2019lik ve 1960\u2019lardaki %80\u2019lik oranlara kar\u015f\u0131n son on y\u0131lda i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n
\nsadece %23\u2019\u00fc askeri zaferle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/sup>Arabuluculu\u011fa gelince,
\n1918 ve 1996 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki 419 uluslar aras\u0131 krizi incelemi\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya
\ng\u00f6re vakalar\u0131n %30\u2019unda arabuluculuk ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.7 <\/sup>So\u011fuk sava\u015f
\nsonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re (1945\u2019ten 1962\u2019ye kadar olan iki kutuplu
\nd\u00f6nemde krizlerin %20 \u2019sinde ve 1963\u2019ten 1989\u2019a kadar olan \u00e7ok merkezli d\u00f6nem\u00adde
\n%34\u2019\u00fcnde) daha fazla arabuluculuk (%64) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi,
\narabuluculuk yap\u0131lan krizlerde daha s\u0131k bir \u015fekilde nihai bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131l\u0131yor
\n(arabuluculu\u011fun yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizlerdeki %27\u2019lik orana kar\u015f\u0131 %62). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla,
\ni\u00e7 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n m\u00fczakereyi her zaman zorla\u015ft\u0131ran bir unsur
\nolan \u00e7ok say\u0131da akt\u00f6r\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarla ilgili olan bir
\nm\u00fczakere k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne do\u011fru ilerlemekteyiz. Her hal\u00fckarda veriler \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor
\nki, ekteki tabloda da g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi gibi, m\u00fczakere\u00adye ba\u015flamak her seferinde
\ndaha k\u0131sa zaman s\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve her seferinde m\u00fczakereler \u00e7ok daha az bir zaman
\nal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\nalakal\u0131d\u0131r ve buna yak\u0131n bir oran da \u00f6zerklik talepleri ve ki\u00admlik iddialar\u0131yla
\nili\u015fkilidir. Bu, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131nda vard\u0131r ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen m\u00fczakere
\ns\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin temelini olu\u015fturur. Her hal\u00fckarda, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, ger\u00e7ek
\nihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, (istedi\u011fimiz \u015fey ve neden istedi\u011fimize gelince) en derin ve hatta
\ngizli arzular\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden m\u00fcdahil olmu\u015f (istedi\u011fimiz) akt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7
\nkonumlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek \u00f6nemlidir, b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki talebi akt\u00f6rlerin
\nger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmden ay\u0131rabiliriz. \u00fcstelik bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131
\nd\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6stererek, m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinin kendisi taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, i\u00e7inde
\nbulunulan durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirecek yeni ihtimalleri ke\u015ffetmeye bir ad\u0131m daha
\nyakla\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Bunu, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta kendi
\n\u00fcniversitemde ba\u015f\u0131ma gelen bir \u00f6rnekle a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n
\nFak\u00fclte \u2019sinin d\u0131\u015f duvar\u0131na, \u00fcniversite binalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik pro\u00adtesto ve
\nele\u015ftiri i\u00e7erikli, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir duvar resmi \u00e7izdi. \u00d6nceden izin al\u0131nmadan
\nyap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. akademik merciler onu silmek zorundayd\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc binalar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na
\nresim \u00e7izmeyi yasaklayan bir kural vard\u0131, bu da iki taraf\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda
\nbir anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6\u011frencilerin (tama\u00admen \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir \u015fekilde duvar
\nresmi \u00e7izmek) ve akademik mercilerin (izinsiz fresk \u00e7izmeyi yasaklayan
\ny\u00f6netmeli\u011fe uy\u00admak) konumundan ya da tutumundan bakarsak, s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en tutumlar\u0131
\ng\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederek, anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebebinin g\u00fcn gibi ortada oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.
\nBununla beraber, e\u011fer iki taraf\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131rsak \u015funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz ki,
\n\u00f6\u011frencilerin istedikleri daha \u00e7ok ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve akademik mercilerin amac\u0131
\nbinalar\u0131nda meydana gelen \u015feylerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc elle\u00adrinde tutmak oldu\u011fundan
\nanla\u015fma sa\u011flamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu vakada, i\u00e7erisinde bulunulan durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirecek
\nve m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm taraflar aras\u0131nda, \u00f6nceden al\u0131nan izinle birlikte,
\n\u00f6rne\u011fin, t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frencilerin kat\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir oylama yoluyla (g\u00f6rselli\u011fi
\nartt\u0131ran) resimlerin niteli\u011fiyle ilgili bir kriterin getirilmesi, s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en
\nduvar resimlerine (d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak yap\u0131ls\u0131nlar diye) belli zaman\u0131n verilmesi
\nve resimlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hareketli duvar panellerinin kurulmas\u0131 gibi yeni
\n\u015fartlar alt\u0131nda duvar resmi \u00e7izmeye olanak veren ilkeler \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya
\nvar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir tak\u0131m diyalog mekanizmalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktan ge\u00e7iyordu.
\nBu yeni ko\u015fullarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak sadece duvar resimlerine kavu\u015fulmakla
\nkal\u0131nmayacak ayr\u0131ca \u00f6\u011frenciler ve akademik merciler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim
\ngeli\u015fecek, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6\u011frenci kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olacak ve verilen eser daha yarat\u0131c\u0131
\nolacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\n\u00e7ok silahl\u0131 grubun g\u00fcndemi, ba\u015fka \u015fekilde ifade edil\u00admesi gereken ger\u00e7ek
\nihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yans\u0131tmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan bazen elde edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan taleplerle
\ndoludur. Bazen, temelde \u00f6zerklik istendi\u011finde bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k olur di\u011ferleri
\nsayg\u0131, tan\u0131nma ve haysiyet gibi m\u00fczakere etmesi ve tabi ki, \u00fczerinde pazarl\u0131k etmesi
\n\u00e7ok zor olan manevi unsurlard\u0131r. M\u00fczakere edilebilir olan \u015fey (\u00f6rne\u011fin, dilin
\ntan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve onun okul m\u00fcfredat\u0131 i\u00e7ine sokulmas\u0131 yoluyla) haysiyetin elde
\nedildi\u011fi yoldur. <\/p>\n
\n(process) ay\u0131ran (3P), bizi \u00f6nceden ayarlanan olumsuz parametrelerden kurtaran
\nve bizi, meta problem ve meta \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi ekteki tabloda g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi
\ngibi daha kurnazca hareket etmeye iten \u015fey m\u00fczakere etmektir. <\/p>\n
\narabulucular\u0131n ist\u00adenmemesi e\u015f zamanl\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerin olmas\u0131 Silahl\u0131 gruplarda
\nihtilaf ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnme kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerle gerilim G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclecek konularda temel
\nayr\u0131l\u0131klar (\u00f6n ko\u015fullar) <\/p>\n
\nkoalisyon H\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurmada zorluklar ter\u00f6rist listeleri \u0130\u00e7 siyaset krizi
\nate\u015fkes, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n sona ermesi ya da silahs\u0131zlanman\u0131n \u00f6n \u015fart olarak
\nsunulmas\u0131 Silahl\u0131 gruplar taraf\u0131ndan genel aff\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015ful olarak sunulmas\u0131
\nYabanc\u0131 askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahalesi Silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n arac\u0131lar\u0131ndan ya da
\nliderlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tutuklanmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
\nHarek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n misyonuna ya da emirlerine duyulan g\u00fcvensizlik Yabanc\u0131 arabulucular
\nya da devlet m\u00fcdahalesi olmadan do\u011frudan m\u00fczakere ko\u015fulu Bir silahl\u0131 grubun
\nk\u0131smi terhisi Uluslar aras\u0131 ceza Mahkemesi\u2019nin rol\u00fc hakk\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k
\nSilahl\u0131 grubun tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 ya da bu grubun sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc konusunda \u015fart\u0131 M\u00fczakerelerde
\n\u00f6nemli liderlerin yer almamas\u0131 \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 Baz\u0131
\narabulucular\u0131n temsil yetkilerinin tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 Se\u00e7im \u015fartlar\u0131nda ya da se\u00e7im
\nsonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda hile ya da anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Yeni silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131
\nSiyasi iktidar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konusunda ayr\u0131l\u0131k Silahl\u0131 muhaliflerin liderlerinin
\n\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ate\u015fkesi g\u00f6zetme misyonundan \u00e7ekilme asli kararlar\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131
\nal\u0131nmas\u0131 Yarg\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcdahale Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruma Harekat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hayata
\nge\u00e7irilmesinde gecikme arabulucular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 Silahl\u0131 gruplar ad\u0131na m\u00fczakere
\neden ki\u015filerin g\u00fcvenliklerinde eksiklik Serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lanlar\u0131n ortadan
\nkaybolmaya devam etmesi ya da adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 Uyu\u015fturucu
\ntrafi\u011fiyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunan yeni paramiliter yap\u0131lar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 Silahl\u0131 grubun
\ng\u00fcc\u00fc hakk\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Siyasi bir grubun isminin ait oldu\u011fu etnik gruba
\nat\u0131fta bulunup bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Silahl\u0131 bir grubun siyasi
\nbir gruba d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesindeki sorunlar Zorla yerle\u015ftirme G\u00f6zetim misyonlar\u0131n\u0131n
\nolu\u015fumunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruma Harekat\u0131\u2019nda kaynak ya da personel
\neksikli\u011fi.<\/p>\n
\ngruplarla m\u00fczakere <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n
\nsilahl\u0131 gruplarla diyaloglarda ya da m\u00fczakerelerde yer alan ki\u015filerin ve
\nkurumlar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve durumlar\u0131 \u00fczerine bir rapor <\/strong><\/p>\n
\n\u015fiddetin var oldu\u011fu anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve silahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ya da
\ni\u015fleyi\u015fiyle ilgili uluslar aras\u0131 veriler, bu tip her d\u00f6rt anla\u015fmazl\u0131ktan
\n\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde ke\u015fif diyaloglar\u0131n\u0131n, resmi m\u00fczakerelerin ya da peki\u015ftirilmi\u015f bar\u0131\u015f
\ns\u00fcre\u00e7leri\u00adnin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymakta. <\/strong>Bu y\u00fczden mutat norm,
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f akt\u00f6rlerinin (genelde H\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve silahl\u0131 gruplar)11 <\/sup>do\u011frudan
\nya da dolayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde (bu son durumda mesajlar\u0131 iletecek organizasyonlar,
\nki\u015filer ya da \u201csiyasi kollar\u0131 yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir) bir ileti\u015fim kurma yolu
\naramas\u0131d\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece bu ileti\u015fim, e\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olursa silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya ya da
\n\u015fiddete ve silahl\u0131 grubun tasfiyesine bir son verece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir bar\u0131\u015f
\ns\u00fcrecine olanak verecek bir m\u00fczakere ba\u015flatmay\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
\nresmi) diyaloglar ve do\u011frudan resmi m\u00fczakereler. Vakalar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funda
\n(genellikle ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkeden) yabanc\u0131 arabulucular ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar yer
\nalmaktad\u0131r ki bunlar, s\u0131ras\u0131yla ve her zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan taraflar\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131yla,
\n\u015fah\u0131slar, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f i\u015fleri, uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctler ya da uluslar aras\u0131
\nolu\u015fumlar olabilir. \u0130statistiksel veriler ayr\u0131ca yabanc\u0131 bir kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131
\nbulundu\u011funda nihai anla\u015fmaya varman\u0131n \u00e7ok daha kolay oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n
\nter\u00f6rist listelerinde <\/strong>yer almas\u0131 ya da ilgili H\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan tek
\ntarafl\u0131 olarak ter\u00f6rist ilan edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, bahsi ge\u00e7en H\u00fck\u00fcmetin bu grupla
\nm\u00fczakere etmesine bir engel de\u011fildir. nitekim \u00f6rne\u011fin, Kolombiya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu \u00fc\u00e7
\n\u00f6rg\u00fct de ter\u00f6rist listelerinde yer almalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Kolombiya Birle\u015fik Me\u015fru
\nM\u00fcdafaa G\u00fc\u00e7leri (aUc) ve Ulusal kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019yla (eln) m\u00fczakerelere devam
\netmekte ve Kolombiya Devrimci Silahl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7leri\u2019yle (Farc) ilgili olarak ke\u015fif
\nyollar\u0131 aramaktad\u0131r. Benzer bir \u015fekilde, birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekten bahsetmek ad\u0131na,
\nBritanya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u0130rlandal\u0131 IRA\u2019yla m\u00fczakereleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr Filipin
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Yeni Halk Ordusu\u2019yla (nPl) diyaloglara devam etmektedir Filistin
\nUlusal Y\u00f6netimi, Hamas\u2019la ve Sri Lanka H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Ealam Tamil kurtulu\u015f
\nkaplanlar\u0131yla (ltte) temaslar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler. <\/p>\n
\nm\u00fczakerelerde, H\u00fck\u00fc\u00admet ad\u0131na m\u00fczakere eden ki\u015filer genellikle Devlet\u2019in \u00fcst
\nd\u00fczey yet\u00adkililerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ekiplerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/strong>Fildi\u015fi
\nSahilinde, Forces Nouvelles\u2019le (Yeni kuvvetler) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelere devlet
\nba\u015fkan\u0131 ve ba\u015fbakan \u00f6nderlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Senegal\u2019de, Casamance Demokratik G\u00fc\u00e7ler
\nHareketi\u2019yle (MFDc) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir Sudan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve Sudan Halk kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (SPla)
\naras\u0131ndaki, \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce tamamlanan, bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecine, devlet ba\u015fkal\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nheyetinin \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6n verilmi\u015ftir Sudan kurtulu\u015f
\nOrdusu\u2019yla (Sla) Darfur\u2019da yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde m\u00fczakere, Sudan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Bar\u0131\u015f
\nKomisyonu\u2019nun sorumlulu\u011fundayd\u0131 Burundi\u2019de Ulusal kurtulu\u015f G\u00fc\u00e7leri\u2019yle (Fnl)
\nyap\u0131lan g\u00fcncel m\u00fczakere \u00fclkenin devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r \u00c7ad\u2019da
\nBirle\u015fik De\u011fi\u015fim Cephesi\u2019yle (FUc) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler do\u011frudan, \u00fclkede mevcut
\ndi\u011fer silahl\u0131 gru\u00adplarla yeni m\u00fczakereler ba\u015flatmakla me\u015fgul olan Devlet Bakan\u0131
\ntaraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde, Halk Savunmas\u0131
\nUlusal Kongresi\u2019nin (cnDP) asi g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelere Kongo Silahl\u0131
\nkuvvetleri Genel kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde,
\nBirle\u015fme i\u00e7in Sava\u015fan Demokratik G\u00fc\u00e7ler Birli\u011fi\u2019yle (UFDr) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelere
\nadalet Bakan\u0131 y\u00f6n vermi\u015ftir Uganda\u2019da, d\u00fcnyadaki en ac\u0131mas\u0131z gruplardan biri
\nolan, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7ocuk asker\u00adlerden olu\u015fan Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Direni\u015f Ordusu\u2019yla (lRA)
\n\u015fu anda yap\u0131lmakta olan m\u00fczakereler \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor
\nMali\u2019de, Demokratik De\u011fi\u015fim \u0130ttifak\u0131\u2019yla yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler B\u00f6lge \u0130dare Bakan\u0131
\ntaraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte ate\u015fkesin y\u0131llard\u0131r devam etti\u011fi Bat\u0131 Sahra\u2019da, Fas
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmeti m\u00fczakere heyetinin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 ve D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Delege
\nBakan\u0131 bulunmakta Angola\u2019da Diyalog i\u00e7in Kabinda Forumu\u2019yla yap\u0131lan m\u00fczake\u00adreler
\nB\u00f6lge \u0130dare Bakan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekte Kolombiya\u2019da aUc ve eln\u2019yle
\nyap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan atanan Bar\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek komiserinin
\nsorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r Hindistan\u2019da assam Birle\u015fik kurtulu\u015f Cephesi\u2019yle (UlFa)
\nyap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler Ba\u015fbakan ve \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131, Nagaland Ulusal Sosyalist
\nKonseyi\u2019yle (nScM) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczake\u00adreler Birlik, \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u015fleri ve Devlet Bakanlar\u0131
\ntaraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte yak\u0131n zamanda tamamlanan bir s\u00fcrecin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nNepal\u2019de, Maocu Yeni Halk Ordusu\u2019yla (nPa) h\u00fck\u00fcmet ad\u0131na m\u00fczakere eden ki\u015fi
\nBa\u015fbakan\u2019d\u0131 ve \u015fu anda Madhesi Janadhikar Forum\u2019la (MJF) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereleri
\nBar\u0131\u015f ve Uzla\u015fma Bakan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir Sri Lanka\u2019da ltte\u2019yle m\u00fczakere etmekle
\ng\u00f6revli H\u00fck\u00fcmet heyetinin ba\u015f\u0131nda Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Bulunmakta Filipinlerde Moro
\n\u0130slami kurtulu\u015f cephesi (M\u0131lF), Yeni Halk Ordusu (nPa) ve Moro Ulusal kurtulu\u015f Cephesi\u2019yle
\n(MnlF) yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Bar\u0131\u015f komiseri taraf\u0131ndan
\ny\u00f6nlendirilmekte son olarak Endonezya\u2019da \u00d6zg\u00fcr A\u00e7e Hareketi\u2019yle (GaM) yak\u0131n
\nzamanda tamamlanan bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini, adalet Bakan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle, do\u011frudan
\n\u00fclkenin ba\u015fkan vekili y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
\nh\u00fck\u00fc\u00admet heyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra aralar\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerin de bulundu\u011fu yabanc\u0131
\nkolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar <\/strong>da yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelerin devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131
\n(Burkino Faso\u2019nunki Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019ndeki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa, Libya\u2019n\u0131nki \u00c7ad ve Orta Afrika
\ncumhuriyeti anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in eski devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131
\n(Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131nki Endonezya s\u00fcrecine kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flama ad\u0131na) ba\u015fkan vekilleri
\n(Sudan\u2019\u0131nki Uganda\u2019daki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa) bakanlar (G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131nkiler
\nBurundi\u2019deki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa, Ruanda\u2019n\u0131nkiler Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa, Mozambik\u2019tekiler Uganda\u2019daki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa, Norve\u00e7\u2019inkiler
\nFilipinlere) diplomatlar (Norve\u00e7, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Endonezya, Malezya\u2019n\u0131nkiler vb.)
\ngiri\u015fimciler (Senegal ve Endonezya\u2019daki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda) yazarlar
\n(Hindistan\u2019daki pek \u00e7ok anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta) BM genel sekreterli\u011fi \u00f6zel temsilcileri
\nya da bireysel temsilciler (Sudan, Kongo Demokratik cumhuriyeti, Sahra,
\nMyanmar, Kolombiya, Nepal\u2019deki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda) Afrika Birli\u011fi, Avrupa
\nBirli\u011fi ya da \u0130slam konferans\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc gibi b\u00f6lgesel olu\u015fumlar\u0131n \u00f6zel temsilci\u00adleri
\n(Darfur\u2019da, Filipinlerde ve anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011fu di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde). <\/p>\n
\ni\u00e7indedirler ve silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n \u201csiyasi kollar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclme, ideolojik
\nyak\u0131nl\u0131k, baz\u0131 nihai hedeflerin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ya da basit\u00e7e bahsi ge\u00e7en gruplarla
\nileti\u015fim ya da onlar\u0131 etkileme becerisine sahip olma yoluyla, m\u00fczakere daha
\nsonra do\u011frudan h\u00fck\u00fcmetin m\u00fczakere heyeti taraf\u0131ndan ele al\u0131ns\u0131n diye yeterince
\nsa\u011flam ve g\u00fcvenilir diyalog yollar\u0131 a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in \u201cdostane giri\u015fimlerde <\/strong>bulunabileceklerinden
\nba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki ke\u015fiflerin ve diyaloglar\u0131n \u015fah\u0131slar ve sosyal ya da siyasi
\nolu\u015fumlar taraf\u0131ndan <\/strong>ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesini ka\u00adbul ederler. G\u00f6revinin
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da anla\u015fmazl\u0131k i\u00e7inde yer alan \u015fiddeti uzatmak ya da
\nk\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak de\u011fil bunlara bir son vermek oldu\u011fu bilindi\u011finden bu arac\u0131
\nfonksiyon asla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaz. <\/p>\n
\nkolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olsun, ke\u015fif a\u015famalar\u0131na, ilk diyaloglara ya da resmi
\nm\u00fczakerelere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bahsi ge\u00e7en ki\u015filerden hi\u00e7biri asla silahl\u0131 gruplar ya da
\n\u00e7ete\u00adlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle ya da yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerde bulunmakla su\u00e7lanamaz, tam
\naksine<\/strong>, bu temaslar, bahsi ge\u00e7en gruplar\u0131n \u015fiddet uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ve <\/p>\n
\nba\u015flatmaya olanak sa\u011flayan ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez olarak
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
\nMilletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri <\/strong>ve \u201cd\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131 sona
\nerdirmeleri ve ihtilaf i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 konuda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir anla\u015fmay\u0131 m\u00fczakere
\netmeleri i\u00e7in taraflar\u0131 ikna etmek ad\u0131na diplomatik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na
\nili\u015fkin olarak bahsi ge\u00e7en Organizasyon\u2019un \u201cbar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flama kavram\u0131na verdi\u011fi
\ntan\u0131m yoluyla t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen diplo\u00admatik uygulamalarla <\/strong>desteklenir.
\n\u201c\u00d6nleyici faaliyetle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi gibi, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler sadece
\n\u00e7at\u0131\u015fan taraflar\u0131n verdi\u011fi karara g\u00f6re de hareket edebilir. Bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flama,
\nd\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klara son vermek ad\u0131na taraflardan birine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131,
\nBirle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler dilinde \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan eylemi
\nkapsam\u0131na almaz. <\/em>13 <\/sup>Yak\u0131n tarihlerde (6 aral\u0131k 2007) Siyasi
\n\u0130\u015flerden sorumlu Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Sekreter Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 B. lynn Pascoe,
\nm\u00fczakerenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarda m\u00fc\u00adzakerenin ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak
\nve m\u00fczakere olanlarda m\u00fczakereyi peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in silahl\u0131, bu y\u00fczden illegal,
\ngruplarla ileti\u015fim kurman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00f6nleyici diplomasi
\n\u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme hedefiyle \u015fu anki 220 g\u00f6revliye y\u00fcz ki\u015finin 14 <\/sup>daha
\neklenece\u011fini duyurdu. <\/p>\n
\n\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonlanmas\u0131na, var olan herhangi bir \u015fiddet t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonlanmas\u0131na ya
\nda azalmas\u0131na etki edebilme, bahsi ge\u00e7en diyalog yoluyla \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren
\n\u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara bir son vermeyi ya da bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda ilerlemeyi ba\u015farma ye\u00adtisine
\nminimum d\u00fczeyde sahip olduklar\u0131 s\u00fcrece, yasal stat\u00fcleri her ne olursa olsun,
\nherhangi bir \u00fclkenin sosyal ya da siyasi t\u00fcm akt\u00f6rlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle diyalog
\nkurulabilmesi ya da bir araya gelinmesi uluslar aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131dan sayg\u0131n ve ola\u011fan
\nbir uygulamad\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n
\nsilahl\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, genelde m\u00fczakerenin
\nortas\u0131ndaym\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na bir tak\u0131m yakla\u015f\u0131mlarda bulunmak i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131n
\nke\u015ffiyle ilgili \u00f6nceki evrelerde h\u00fck\u00fcmetle ilgisi olmayan, di\u011fer
\nfonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra fikir \u00fcreterek, tutumlar\u0131 inceleyerek, taraflar\u0131n
\nistekliliklerindeki samimiyeti teyit ederek ya da m\u00fczakereler kesilmesin diye
\nakt\u00f6rlere bask\u0131 uygulayarak s\u00fcrece destek vermede \u00e7e\u015fitli roller oynayan
\nakt\u00f6rler araya girer. <\/p>\n
\nDevlet di\u00adplomasisiyle) birlikte ya da koordineli olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcmetle
\nilgisi olmayan akt\u00f6rlerin kendi adlar\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri eylemlere \u201ckent
\ndiplomasisi <\/strong>diyoruz. Bu devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rler baz\u0131 sivil toplum
\n\u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden, akademik, ticari, dini ya da sanat \u00e7evrelerinden ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla
\nbirbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 toplumsal hareketlerin tamam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kabilir.
\nGenellikle bir m\u00fczakereye ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in uygun \u015fartlar\u0131n sa\u011flan\u0131p sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131
\ng\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in ilk deneme a\u015famas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan g\u00f6revleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve
\nm\u00fczakere g\u00fcndemlerini ve daha \u00f6nce bahsedildi\u011fi \u00fczere bir kez ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan
\ns\u00fcrecin kesilmemesi i\u00e7in tara\u00adflara bask\u0131 uygulamay\u0131 i\u00e7erebilecek \u00f6neriler
\nsunmaktan ibarettir. Bahsi ge\u00e7en g\u00f6rev gizli ve dikkati \u00e7ekmeyecek \u015fekilde, ya
\nda ortaya bir \u00f6neri at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve taraflara bask\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda aleni
\nolmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla beraber, e\u011fer g\u00fcvenlerini kazanabilmi\u015flerse taraflar (biri ya
\nda tamam\u0131) onlara dan\u0131\u015fabilmelerine ra\u011fmen hi\u00e7bir durumda devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 akt\u00f6rler
\nresmi m\u00fczakere masas\u0131nda bulunmayacaklard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\neden <\/strong>ama belli durumlarda Devletlerin ya da uluslar aras\u0131 veya b\u00f6lgesel olu\u015fumlar\u0131n
\nr\u0131za g\u00f6stermeyebilece\u011fi faaliyetler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren kent diplomasisine
\n\u201cparalel diplomasi <\/strong>diyoruz. Paralel diplomasi d\u00e2hilinde faaliyetler
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u015fah\u0131slar ya da merkezler asl\u0131nda, Devletin gelecekteki
\nfaaliyetlerine bula\u015fmadan risk alabildiklerinden ya da ba\u015flar\u0131na \u201cdert
\na\u00e7abildiklerinden H\u00fck\u00fcmetlere g\u00f6re daha avantajl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Genellikle H\u00fck\u00fcmetler
\nya da silahl\u0131 gruplar uzman kurulu\u015flardan di\u011fer taraf\u0131n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u011fer
\nm\u00fczakereye ba\u015flanacaksa dayat\u0131lacak talepleri irdelemek i\u00e7in arabulucu gibi
\nhareket etmelerini isterler. e\u011fer \u015fah\u0131slar ya da merkezler bu i\u015fte ilerleme
\nkaydederse, daha sonra resmi m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in resmi diplomasiye
\nge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etmeleri de ola\u011fand\u0131r. Baz\u0131 durumlarda resmi ve paralel
\ndiplomasi, bir s\u00fcrecin sorunsuz ilerleyi\u015fini peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6rev da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla
\nuyum i\u00e7inde birlikte hareket eder. Hatta bazen paralel diplomasi i\u00e7erisinde
\nfaaliyet g\u00f6steren ki\u015filer, \u015fahit ya da dan\u0131\u015fman olarak taraflarca m\u00fczakereye
\nyard\u0131mc\u0131 olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in davet edilebilirler. Di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok organizasyonun yan\u0131
\ns\u0131ra bu tip bir diplomasi uygulayan merkezlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130nsani Diyalog
\nMerkezi, Carter Merkezi, St. Egidio cemaati (iki diplomasi t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de uygular)
\nya da Bar\u0131\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Okulu\u2019dur. <\/p>\n
\nbar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci haline gelsin diye bir m\u00fczakere s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatmaya yard\u0131m etme
\nbi\u00e7imidir. Bunu pek \u00e7ok kesim yapabilir ama her zaman yap\u0131lan i\u015fte haz\u0131rl\u0131k,
\nsa\u011fduyu, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, sab\u0131r, m\u00fcsait zaman (harcanan \u00e7abalar ve akt\u00f6rlerin g\u00fcvenini
\nkazanmak y\u0131llar alabilir) ve itina gereklidir. Son olarak bu diplomatlar\u0131n
\ni\u015finin \u201clobicilik ve bir taraf\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yet i\u015fleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nbelirtilmelidir. Bu y\u00fczden bir organizasyonun ya da \u015fahs\u0131n gerekiyorsa ikisini
\nbirden de\u011fil, ikisi de gerekli oldu\u011fundan, birini se\u00e7mesi \u015fartt\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\nilgili iktidar\u0131 <\/strong>anlamak. -kimin neyi, ne zaman, nerede ve nas\u0131l yap\u0131yor ya
\nda yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu bilmek. <\/p>\n
\nderinli\u011fini anlamak. -toplumsal olarak kabul edilebilir olanlar nelerdir? ve
\nhangi ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda? <\/p>\n
\nve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamak nerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse o seviyeyi yakalamak (ne
\nen zoru ne de en kolay\u0131 olan \u201cgiri\u015f seviyesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek). <\/p>\n
\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ilerlemeler sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ad\u0131na en karma\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015flamamak. <\/p>\n
\ntabakalara bakmak. <\/p>\n
\nteknikler <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>e\u011fer\u2026 olsayd\u0131 ne olurdu?
\ngibi a\u00e7\u0131k sorular sormak <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201cyani, dedi\u011finiz \u015fey\u2026 d\u0131r
\nveya \u201ce\u011fer fikrinizi\u2026 olarak \u00f6zetlemek do\u011fru mudur gibi izah etmek. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden
\ntan\u0131mlamak (farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama) <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>duygusal anlamda \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n
\nartmas\u0131na izin vermemek. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00f6fkeyi yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ara
\nvermek. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>hissedilenleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131
\nolarak fark\u0131na var\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>alg\u0131lananlar\u0131n ifade
\nedilmesine ve onlar\u0131 arka planda fark etmek. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131
\nsaptamak. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filerin
\ntavsiyelerini ve yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek. <\/p>\n