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\t\t\t\t\t\tBED\u0130RHAN BEY \u0130SYANI\u00a0 (1842\u20131847)<\/strong><\/p>\n Bedirxan Bey\u2019in K\u0131sa Biyografisi: <\/strong><\/p>\n 1803 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cizre’de d\u00fcnyaya gelen Bedirxan Bey, 18 ya\u015f\u0131nda Botan Emirli\u011fi’nin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Atas\u0131 yedinci g\u00f6bekten Bitlis Han\u0131 ve \u015eerefname’nin yazar\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015eeref Han’a kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcrt tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck simalar\u0131ndan biri olan Bedirxan Bey zeki, cesaretli, azimli ve kararl\u0131d\u0131r. Yan\u0131 s\u0131ra dindard\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0 H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k Bedirxan Bey’e babadan kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki topraklarda asayi\u015fi sa\u011flamas\u0131yla \u00fcn yapan Bedirxan Bey, herkesin dikkatini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 bir\u00e7ok yerden onun topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 edilirdi. \u0130syan \u00f6ncesi durum<\/strong><\/p>\n Tanzimat s\u00fcreci ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131 idarecileri, merkezi y\u00f6netimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, etkili bi\u00e7imde vergi toplamak ve kuvvetli ordular kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok eyalette vergi Osmanl\u0131 memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, yerel y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131l\u0131r, toplanan vergilerin ancak bir k\u0131sm\u0131 merkeze aktar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Merkezin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi i\u00e7in etkili bir b\u00fcrokratik yap\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve bu yolla eyaletlerin kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bu i\u015fi en iyi ba\u015faran ki\u015fi, 1876\u20131909 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda devleti y\u00f6neten Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n \u0130syan\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Bedirxan Bey\u2019in ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ve etkinlik sahas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimini rahats\u0131z etmi\u015ftir. Bedirxan Bey Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine vergi ve asker vermiyordu, kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ordusu vard\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede Bitlis, Hakk\u00e2ri, Mu\u015f, Van ve Kars K\u00fcrt beylerinin ittifak\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte ayaklanmay\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u201cKutsal Antla\u015fma y\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Bu birli\u011fe \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck beyli\u011fi olan Erdelan Beyli\u011fi\u2019ni de d\u00e2hil etmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. Birlikte kaleler g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilir, yeni kaleler yap\u0131l\u0131r, silahlar kontrolden ge\u00e7irilip askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bedirxan Bey usta ve uzman ki\u015fileri Cizre\u2019ye getirterek, onlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla biri barut, di\u011feri ise silah \u00fcreten iki at\u00f6lye kurar. Yerli uzmanlar\u0131n yeti\u015fmesi ve K\u00fcrt gen\u00e7lerinin e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeleri i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderir. <\/p>\n Ermeni ve Asuriler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 dost\u00e7a bir yakla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7inde olan Bedirxan Bey\u2019in topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015fen her k\u00f6yl\u00fcye bir miktar toprak verilir ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elde etti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn 1\/3\u2019\u00fc istenirdi. Vergi oran\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n vergisinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde tutuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in civar halk\u0131n sempatisi art\u0131yordu. Ticaretin geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak ve b\u00f6lgeyi birbirine ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren Bedirxan Bey, modern gemi in\u015fa tekniklerini \u00f6\u011frenmeleri i\u00e7in de Avrupa\u2019ya \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6nderir. <\/p>\n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilan\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Askeri, politik ve sosyo-ekonomik konumunu peki\u015ftiren Bedirxan Bey, 1842 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eder. Bir zaman sonra \u00f6n y\u00fcz\u00fcnde “Botan Emiri Bedirxan” yaz\u0131s\u0131, arka y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ise Hicri 1258 (Miladi 1842) tarihi bulunan sikkeler basar. Kale bur\u00e7lar\u0131na bayraklar asar. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n resmiyette kalan egemenli\u011fini de ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. <\/p>\n Olaylar, K\u00fcrt beyliklerinin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketi bi\u00e7iminde geli\u015firken, Nastur\u00ee sorunu patlak verir. Bu sorunun mimarlar\u0131, \u0130ngiliz ve Amerikal\u0131 misyonerlerdir. Mevcut durumda Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u0131karlar elde eden s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci devletler, durumun de\u011fi\u015fmesini istemezler. Bedirxan Bey’in durumundan tedirgin olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, Nasturiler’i Bedirxan Bey’in aleyhinde kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n Bedirxan Bey, Nasturi lideri olan Mar \u015eamun’a temsilci g\u00f6ndererek anla\u015fma iste\u011finde bulunmak istediyse de, Mar \u015eamun’un temsilciyi kabul etmemesi ile bu giri\u015fimi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamaz. <\/p>\n Mar \u015eamun, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan kom\u015fu K\u00fcrtlerin yerine, H\u0131ristiyan olan \u0130ngilizleri tercih etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngilizlere g\u00fcvenen Mar \u015eamun, kararg\u00e2h\u0131na \u0130ngiliz bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eker. B\u00f6ylece K\u00fcrtlerin kendisine dokunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ne var ki Bedirxan Bey ve Nurullah Bey’e ba\u011fl\u0131 K\u00fcrt g\u00fc\u00e7leri, Nasturiler’e kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7erler. Nasturiler, iyi tahkim edilmi\u015f kalelerinde direnirler ama yenilgiden kurtulamazlar. Bunu, 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda Thoma b\u00f6lgesine y\u00f6nelik ikinci bir sald\u0131r\u0131 izler. Bu y\u00f6redeki isyanc\u0131 Nasturiler da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rlar, Mar \u015eamun Urmiye’ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. <\/p>\n Bedirxan Bey b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni, S\u00fcryani gibi H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klarla ittifak kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve da\u011fl\u0131 Ermeniler ile bir dereceye kadar bunu ba\u015far\u0131r Botan b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan D\u0131h Ermenileri ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Bedirxan Bey ile birlikte hareket ederler. Bu y\u00f6redeki di\u011fer baz\u0131 Ermeni beyleri de, Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisi ile beraber hareket etmeye e\u011filim g\u00f6sterirler. Ancak Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n saf\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. <\/p>\n S\u00fcre\u00e7 K\u00fcrt co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda geli\u015fiyordu. Bu da \u0130stanbul\u2019un yan\u0131 s\u0131ra baz\u0131 Avrupa devletlerini \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngilizleri \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Bundan K\u00fcrt din adamlar\u0131 da nasibini al\u0131nca Bedirxan beyin bin bir \u00e7aba ile kurdu\u011fu ittifak yine bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin sultan \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerini Bedirxan Bey\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 hareket etmeye te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n Mare\u015fal Haf\u0131z Pa\u015fa, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yoluyla Bedirxan Bey\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla g\u00f6revlendirilir. Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015falar\u0131, sultan\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131malar\u0131 i\u00e7in K\u00fcrt Beylerine hediyeler yolluyorlar, ziyaret ediyorlard\u0131. Ama t\u00fcm bu \u00e7abalar sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri Haziran 1847\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 koldan Bedirxan Bey\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7erler. Harput, Urfa, Diyarbekir, Erzurum, Ba\u011fdat ve Musul b\u00f6lgelerinde bulunan askeri g\u00fc\u00e7ler de bu taarruza kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bedirxan Bey\u2019in kuvvetleri Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ra\u011fmen ilk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 kazan\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n Ne var ki \u00f6nemli komutan\u0131 ve ye\u011feni olan Yezdan \u015eer\u2019in ihaneti sonunda Bedirxan Bey k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7le Ewrex Kalesi\u2019ne \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kal\u0131r. M\u00fcttefik a\u015firetlerin yard\u0131ma gelememesi ve Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Bedirxan Bey\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme ve antla\u015fma talebinde bulunmas\u0131na neden olur. 27 Temmuz 1847\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine teslim olur. Bedirxan Bey ve Ailesi \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul\u2019a daha sonra da Girit Adas\u0131\u2019na s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilir. Son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 \u015eam\u2019da ge\u00e7iren Bedirxan Bey, 1868\u2019de burada \u00f6l\u00fcr. Ancak Bedirxan ailesi, uzun s\u00fcre K\u00fcrt tarihinde iz b\u0131rakmaya devam eder. <\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n Bedirxan beyin ye\u011feni Yezdan \u015eer Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n kendisine verdi\u011fi vaatlere kan\u0131nca cepheden \u00e7ekilir ve 1847\u2018de Bedirxan Bey Osmanl\u0131lara teslim olur. Sonra da \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp Girit\u2019e, oradan da Halep\u2019e s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilir. 1868\u2018de ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir. Fakat direni\u015f Mehmet ve Muhammed Beyler taraf\u0131ndan devam ettirilir. <\/p>\n YEZDAN \u015eER AYAKLANMASI\u00a0 (1854\u20131856)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n 1847 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Botan ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda olumsuz rol oynayan Bedirxan Bey’in ye\u011feni Yezdan \u015eer, 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck K\u00fcrt ayaklanmalar\u0131ndan birinin ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n Ancak Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Cizre beyli\u011fini yeniden canland\u0131rmaya niyetleri yoktur, olaylar bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p tehlike atlat\u0131l\u0131nca, Yezdan \u015eer\u2019e de gerek kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onu uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p yerine bir Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015fas\u0131 atarlar ve b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrt beyliklerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yeni d\u00fczenlemelere giri\u015firler. Umdu\u011funu bulamayan Yezdan \u015eer, Osmanl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7 cephe a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in, Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n elveri\u015fsiz konumundan yararlanmak ister. <\/p>\n Beylikler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yerlerine Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015falar\u0131n\u0131n atanmas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlere yeni askeri beylikler yerle\u015ftirilmesi, a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan vergiler, zorunlu askeri y\u00f6netimin bask\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri kitleler aras\u0131nda ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun y\u00fckselmesine ve yeni bir ayaklanma i\u00e7in ortam\u0131n olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. 1854’te Yezdan \u015eer 2000 ki\u015filik bir g\u00fc\u00e7le Bitlis’i ele ge\u00e7irir ve y\u00f6netimine el koyar. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Musul’u da ele ge\u00e7irip \u00e7ok miktarda top, t\u00fcfek ve cephane ele ge\u00e7irir. Ayaklanma, h\u0131zla geni\u015fler. Ayaklanma alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan S\u00fcryaniler, Ermeniler ve Rumlar da ayaklanmaya kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n Ayaklanma 1855 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonunda doruk noktas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Van ve Erzurum’u ele ge\u00e7irmek amac\u0131yla kuzeye ilerlemeye haz\u0131rlanan Yezdan \u015eer, Rus ordusuyla temasa ge\u00e7mek ister ama ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamaz. Bu arada Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ayaklanmay\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u0130ngilizler ayaklanman\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131lara, silah yard\u0131m\u0131 ve birliklerin y\u00f6netilmesi d\u00e2hil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc deste\u011fi verirler. \u00a0II. BED\u0130RXAN\u0130LER \u0130SYANI<\/strong><\/p>\n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 isyanlar 1877 Osmanl\u0131 Rus sava\u015flar\u0131na kadar devam eder. Osmanl\u0131, K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131yla iktisadi anlamda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe u\u011frar. \u0130ngilizler Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisine tamamen el koymu\u015ftur. Abdulhamid yeni d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in ke\u015ffetti\u011fi din karde\u015fli\u011fi propagandas\u0131na son h\u0131zla devam edip ye\u015fil bayrak a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat K\u00fcrtler buna inanmaz ve sessizce K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 beklerler. Osmanl\u0131 ekonomik anlamda zay\u0131flay\u0131nca, 1878 ilkbahar\u0131nda Bedirxan\u2019l\u0131lardan Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda pa\u015fa olan Osman ve H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015falar (Bunlar Bedirxan\u2019\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131d\u0131r) Ruslarla sava\u015ftan d\u00f6nerken K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da Mu\u015f ve Bitlis b\u00f6lgesinde bir isyan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar. \u0130syana K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinden ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinden yo\u011fun destek gelir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz ay Botan\u2019\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutarlar. Ayaklanma k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Botan ve Hakk\u00e2ri y\u00f6resine yay\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kendili\u011finden olu\u015fan bu isyan Bedirxan beyin o\u011fullar\u0131 ile nitelik kazan\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt vilayeti ele ge\u00e7irilir. Bedirxanl\u0131lar yakla\u015f\u0131k k\u0131rk y\u0131l b\u00f6lgeyi denetimlerinde tutmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde b\u00f6lgede bulunan a\u015firetler eski Mir ailesinin isyan\u0131n\u0131 hemen desteklerler hatta te\u015fvik ederler. <\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak isyan\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal zemin a\u015firet iken, hem silah ve sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc hem de nitelik ve niceli\u011fi bunu a\u015fm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir Sultan isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamaz. Nihayetinde topyek\u00fbn sava\u015fla K\u00fcrdistan \u00fczerine gidilir ve isyan bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130syan \u00f6ncesi durum<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130lk \u015feyh \u00f6nderlikli isyan olan 1880 \u015eeyh Ubeydullah Nehri isyan\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan \u0130ran\u2019a do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran ile Osmanl\u0131 devletlerinin tarihsel \u00e7eli\u015fkileri vard\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusudur. \u0130syan\u0131n oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngilizlerin \u0130ran \u00fczerinde ciddi bir etkinli\u011fi vard\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi \u0130ngiliz denetimindedir. B\u00f6lgede Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin politikalar\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuzeyden de Rusya, \u0130ran\u2019a do\u011fru ilerlemek istemektedir. Osmanl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise isyan b\u00f6lgede kendini dayatan reformlara bir tepkiydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1878 Osmanl\u0131 Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda \u015eeyh Ubeydullah da Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda K\u00fcrt g\u00fc\u00e7lerini temsil ediyordu. 1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 devleti Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Ermenilere \u00e7e\u015fitli ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131mak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya bask\u0131 yapanlar ise Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere idi. Bu \u00fclkelerin birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan politikalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen her birinin ayr\u0131 gerek\u00e7eleri Ermeni konusunda Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya bask\u0131 yapmalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda taviz vermi\u015f, anla\u015fmaya imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten 1878\u201379 sava\u015flar\u0131nda ve daha \u00f6nce 1850\u2019lerde K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131nda Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019den g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deste\u011fi de bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk sava\u015ftan yenilgiyle \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019a y\u00f6nelik isyan\u0131n\u0131 bunun i\u00e7in destekledi\u011fi ve te\u015fvik etti\u011fi san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sava\u015ftan yenik \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenilginin gurur k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sonucu olan reformlar daha az toprak kayb\u0131 yaratacak kadar tehlike arz ediyordu. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131, reformlar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz k\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla K\u00fcrt birli\u011fini (\u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131) desteklemesi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Sonu\u00e7ta K\u00fcrtler ile Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n ittifak yapmas\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrtler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da mant\u0131kl\u0131 sebepleri vard\u0131r. Berlin anla\u015fmas\u0131yla b\u00f6lgede artan Ermeni etkinli\u011fine ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da Ermeni devletinin kurulaca\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u00f6ylentiler K\u00fcrtleri de kayg\u0131land\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u015eeyhin 1880 Haziran\u0131 sonunda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n ilk kurultay\u0131 yine milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin ilk filizleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n \u0130syan\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan di\u011fer bir y\u00f6n\u00fc ise b\u00f6lgedeki politik dengeler i\u00e7inde bir tarafa yaslanarak isyan\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrme olmu\u015ftur. \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n bu nedenle \u0130ngilizlerle s\u0131k\u0131 bir temas i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm tarih\u00e7ilerce do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r. Fakat sonu\u00e7ta \u015eeyh, K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in tekerr\u00fcr eden ac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten, kullan\u0131lma ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i konuma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmeden kurtulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rusya, Berlin antla\u015fmas\u0131yla elde etti\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc riske sokmak istemedi\u011finden belirli bir s\u00fcre de olsa bir isyandan taraf de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu t\u00fcrden bir hareket \u00e7ok rahat b\u00f6lgedeki stat\u00fckoyu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecektir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun bulan \u0130ngiltere ise isyan\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tehlikeli boyutlara varaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011finden daima hassas yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve ABD misyonerleri taraf\u0131ndan tak\u0131n\u0131lan ortak tav\u0131r isyan\u0131n daha fazla geni\u015flemesine engel olmakt\u0131r. \u0130syan\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eemdinan\u2019da \u015eeyh Ubeydulah, \u0130ran ve bat\u0131daki K\u00fcrtlerle geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 isyan i\u00e7in temasa ge\u00e7er. Ermeni ve S\u00fcryanilerle ili\u015fkiye girip ittifak yap\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da ilk genel birlik ve dayan\u0131\u015fma kurultay\u0131 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eeyh Ubeydullah \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u015eemdinan\u2019da toplan\u0131r. Toplant\u0131ya K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan liderler kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130syan 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mahabad taarruzu ile ba\u015flar ve \u0130ran i\u00e7lerine kadar ilerler.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda bulunan \u015eemdinan\u2019dan \u00fc\u00e7 koldan harekete ge\u00e7erler. Bu kollar\u0131n her birine \u015eeyhin akrabalar\u0131ndan biri komuta eder. Birinci kolun ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015eeyhin o\u011flu Seyid Abd\u00fclkadir vard\u0131r. Mahabad ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 20 bin civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Rus yazar Nikitin say\u0131n\u0131n 40 ila 50 bin aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu iddia eder. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u015eemdinan\u2019dan Mahabad\u2019a do\u011fru ilerlerken yerel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ku\u015fatma \u00f6ncesindeki temel \u00e7ekirdek g\u00fcc\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 daha azd\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u0130kinci kol ise \u015eeyhin b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu \u015eeyh S\u0131dd\u0131k\u2019\u0131n komutas\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Say\u0131s\u0131 bin civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu kuvvet ilerleyen birinci kolun arka cephesini tutmakla g\u00f6revlidir. Geri cephedeki art\u00e7\u0131 ihtiyat g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kol ise \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n akrabas\u0131 olan \u015eeyh Mehmet Sait\u2019in kontrol\u00fcndedir. Say\u0131s\u0131 5 bin civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u0130syan kollar\u0131ndan biri geri cephede kal\u0131rken iki kol ilerler. Bunlardan birinci kol as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Bu kol ciddi bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan Mahabad\u2019a kadar ilerler ve \u015fehri ku\u015fat\u0131r. Ciddi bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fanmadan \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131larak yerle\u015fim yerleri kans\u0131z bir \u015fekilde al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun ko\u015fulu ise halk\u0131n can\u0131na ve mal\u0131na zarar verilmemesidir. <\/p>\n Mahabad\u2019\u0131n teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra hedef daha kuzeydo\u011fuda olan Miyandup\u2019tur. \u015eehre temsilci g\u00f6nderilir. Seyid\u2019in temsilcileri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ard\u0131ndan isyan kuvvetleri \u015fehre sald\u0131r\u0131r. \u015eehirde \u00fc\u00e7 bine yak\u0131n ki\u015fi rast gele \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi \u015eii mezhebine mensupturlar. <\/p>\n Urmiye\u2019nin ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ise zaman olarak Mahabad\u2019\u0131n ve Miyandup\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ard\u0131ndan da daha kuzeyde olan Binaz ve Marakha\u2019ya ilerlerler. Bu \u015fekilde Tebriz\u2019e do\u011fru geni\u015f bir yay \u00e7izilerek do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 Azerbaycan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ku\u015fat\u0131larak ve \u0130ran\u2019la ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kesilerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmek istenilir.<\/p>\n Urmiye, isyan g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f merkezi olan \u015eemdinan\u2019a en yak\u0131n olan kenttir. \u015eehrin ku\u015fatmas\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz bin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ku\u015fatma on g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde \u015fehrin teslim edilmesi \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131l\u0131r. Belirlenen g\u00fcnde \u015fehir teslim edilmeyince sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Ama savunmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren vali, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ula\u015fan takviye \u0130ran g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcr. \u015eah, Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere’ye ba\u015fvurmu\u015f, bunlardan yard\u0131m istemi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n \u015eah h\u00fck\u00fcmetine dostluk borcunu \u00f6deyen Kraliyet iktidar\u0131, Rus-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri kuvvet y\u0131\u011fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019da, \u00f6zellikle \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kuzey-bat\u0131 kesiminde, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir n\u00fcfusa sahip olan Rusya, Tahran\u2019a politik ve askeri destek vermi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan \u015eah Veliaht\u0131, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen her isyanc\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na 100 t\u00fcmen veriyordu.\u00a0 Neticede isyanda ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gidi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na do\u011fru h\u0131zla geri \u00e7ekilme ba\u015flar. Bir\u00e7ok isyanda oldu\u011fu gibi bu yenilgi de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015flat\u0131r. <\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7ta a\u015firetlerden olu\u015fan toplama g\u00fc\u00e7ler bu darbe kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131zla da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Urmiye\u2019de p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen g\u00fc\u00e7lerin hemen ard\u0131ndan Seyid Abd\u00fclkadir\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7lerine de etkili darbeler vurulur ve bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler de ele ge\u00e7irdikleri alanlar\u0131 terk ederler. Bu hareketin gerileyi\u015finin bir nedenidir. Bir di\u011fer neden ise isyan kuvvetlerinin ilerleyen harekette sava\u015fma isteklerinin zay\u0131flayarak geri d\u00f6nmeleridir. Bunda etkili olan isyanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ya\u011fmalad\u0131klar\u0131 kentlerde ele ge\u00e7irdikleri ganimetleri alarak geri d\u00f6nmeleridir. Bu durum da \u015eeyhin kuvvetlerinin yenilmesinin \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biridir. Seyid Abd\u00fclkadir g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin Miyandup\u2019u almas\u0131 ard\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalamas\u0131 yarardan \u00e7ok zarar getirmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7ta bu sald\u0131r\u0131 ve katliam sonras\u0131nda sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 elde ettikleri ganimetlerden dolay\u0131 sava\u015fmak istemezler. Katliam Farslar aras\u0131nda isyanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 tepkilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine neden olur. Seyid\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7leri Tebriz\u2019e ilerledi\u011fi s\u0131rada say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1500 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Mahabad sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda on bin ile elli bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik rakamlarla verilen g\u00fcc\u00fcn ileriye do\u011fru gitmesine ra\u011fmen 1500\u2019e inmesinin bir nedeninin de geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilgilerin de pay\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da planl\u0131 bir askeri hareketle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclke kurmak istedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ama bu iste\u011fin t\u00fcm isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fta gelen iste\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, isyana kat\u0131l\u0131mdan ve ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n Ayaklanman\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra \u015eeyh Ubeydullah, \u015eemdinan’daki k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fcne yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran ordusunun ayaklanmac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katliam, bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrd\u00fc, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa yerle\u015fmeye mecbur etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, ileride olas\u0131 K\u00fcrt ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, K\u00fcrtleri da\u011f\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. <\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 ise K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 sert tedbirler almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019a kesin uyar\u0131 vererek, derhal Sultan’\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesini istemi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 anda Hakk\u00e2ri\u2019ye yeni askeri birlikler y\u0131\u011fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Askeri \u00f6nlemler e\u015fli\u011finde \u015eeyh, \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6nderilerek orada tutuklan\u0131r. <\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran boyunduru\u011funa son vererek, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurma g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden vazge\u00e7meyen \u015eeyh, gizli bir \u015fekilde o\u011flu Seyyid Abdulkadir ile ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7erek tutuldu\u011fu yerden ka\u00e7ar. Oramar kalesine \u00fcslenerek, s\u00fcratli bir \u015fekilde Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 direnmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, Osmanl\u0131lar \u015eeyh’in kalesini ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. O\u2019na Musul’da ya\u015fama ko\u015fulu getirilir ve \u015eeyh, daha fazla direnemeyerek teslim olur. Buradan o\u011fluyla Musul’a ve daha sonra Mekke’ye s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Bu isyan, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle yeni ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 ifade eder. \u00d6nder APO, \u015eeyh Ubeydullah i\u00e7in, \u201c\u015eeyh Ubeydullah d\u00f6nemi moderne yak\u0131nd\u0131r daha do\u011frusu \u015feyhlerin bu ilk ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6nemin bir K\u00fcrt pro- milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi d\u00f6nemi oldu\u011fudur. \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n bunu temsil etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. demektedir.<\/p>\n S\u0130MKO \u0130SYANI<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u011fabeyi Cafer\u2019in 1907\u2019de \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle, \u015eikak a\u015firet reisi \u0130smail Simko olur. Bu olay Simko\u2019nun \u0130ran rejimine \u00f6fke duymas\u0131na sebep te\u015fkil edecektir. Yine bu y\u0131llarda \u015eahl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan merkezile\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131 da bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt feodal elit taraf\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu gibi Simko taraf\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ho\u015fnutsuzlukla kar\u015f\u0131lanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1922\u2019de Simko, Urmiye ve \u00e7evresinde isyan i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck haz\u0131rl\u0131k i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n devreye girmesiyle \u0130ran\u2019la Simko aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flan\u0131r. Her hangi bir antla\u015fman\u0131n sa\u011flanamamas\u0131yla 1922\u2019de isyan ba\u015flar. Bu ilk giri\u015fimde Simko a\u011f\u0131r yenilgi alarak Irak\u2019a ka\u00e7ar. \u0130syan ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Simko\u2019nun en \u00e7ok yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 bekledi\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kapatarak deste\u011fini \u00e7ekecektir. 1922\u2019de Simko Irak\u2019a \u00e7ekildi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye ile aras\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bozulmu\u015f olur. \u0130ngilizler t\u00fcm vaatlerine ra\u011fmen isyan ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Simko\u2019yu yaln\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n 1923\u2019te Simko\u2019nun \u0130ran\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k bildirmesiyle affedilir ve \u0130ran\u2019a geri d\u00f6ner. 1926\u2019da tekrar isyana kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131p bozguna u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ikinci defa ka\u00e7\u0131p Irak\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Bir y\u0131l Irak\u2019ta kald\u0131ktan sonra 1928\u2019de yan\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle birlikte Irak, \u0130ran, T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131r \u00fc\u00e7genine yerle\u015fir ve tekrar \u0130ran ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bulunur. \u0130ran, kendisini affetti\u011fini ve \u0130ran\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taktirde kendisine valilik verilece\u011fini belirterek Simko ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme isteminde bulunur. Simko gitti\u011fi bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Kimi zaman talanlarda bulunan Simko, yar\u0131 e\u015fk\u0131ya tarz\u0131nda bir isyan giri\u015fiminde bulunarak a\u015firet kanununu daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek istese de sonu\u00e7ta T\u00fcrk, \u0130ngiliz ve Ruslar aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131larak yenilmekten kurtulamaz. <\/p>\n \u015eEYH MAHMUT BERZENC\u0130 \u0130SYANI (1917\u20131931)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci Kimdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da ilkin \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci isyan\u0131na rastlan\u0131r. 1917\u20131923 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019daki K\u00fcrtlere \u015eeyh Mahmud Berzenci \u00f6nderlik etmi\u015ftir. Kadiri tarikat\u0131na mensup \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci\u2019nin G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da olduk\u00e7a faal ve geni\u015f bir m\u0131nt\u0131kada da etkinli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur. S\u00fcleymaniyeli olan \u015eeyh Mahmud, \u015eeyh Sait Berzenci\u2019nin o\u011fludur. Berzenci ailesi Caf a\u015firetindendir. <\/p>\n Sultan II. Abdulhamit, kendi siyaseti gere\u011fi \u015eeyh Mahmud’un babas\u0131 \u015eeyh Sait’i \u0130stanbul’a yan\u0131na al\u0131r. \u015eeyh Sait, o\u011flu \u015eeyh Mahmud’u da beraberinde \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.\u00a0 <\/p>\n 1908\u2019de \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 bir darbe ile iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irirler. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n baba Seyh Sait Berzenci yeni y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131ya o\u011flu \u015eeyh Mahmut da destek verir. \u0130syan, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ard\u0131ndan \u015eeyh Sait, \u015eeyh Mahmut ve isyana kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Musul’a s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilirler. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde olan Berzenci ailesini tamam\u0131yla ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedeflerler. Bu do\u011frultuda Musul’da Berzenci ailesi hakk\u0131nda karalama kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Berzenci ailesine burada d\u00fczenlenen bir suikast sonucu \u015eeyh Sait Berzenci ve o\u011flu \u015eeyh Ahmet katledilirler. Bu katliam sonras\u0131 \u015eeyh Mahmut g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p Musul’dan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yasaklan\u0131r. Olaylar K\u00fcrdistan’da yank\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131r ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri \u015eeyh Mahmut’un serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, aksi takdirde Musul’a sald\u0131r\u0131p \u015eeyh Sait ve \u015eeyh Ahmet’in intikam\u0131n\u0131 alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtirler. Bunu \u00fczerine \u015eeyh Mahmut serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ve S\u00fcleymaniye’ye gitmesine izin verilir. <\/p>\n \u0130syan \u00f6ncesi durum<\/strong><\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngilizlere, Ortado\u011fu’ya y\u00f6nelik emellerini hayata ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in iyi bir f\u0131rsat sunar. Sava\u015f\u0131 bir anda kap\u0131lar\u0131nda bulan b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 ise \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz ve haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r. Ama K\u00fcrtlerde de Araplarda da bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler filizlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki halk\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devletin himayesi olmadan ba\u015far\u0131 elde edemeyeceklerine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu g\u00fcvensizlik, b\u00f6lgenin yeni efendisi olmak isteyen \u0130ngilizlere de Osmanl\u0131’ya da politika yapma zemini sunar. Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u0131llar, K\u00fcrtler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kan ve g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey ifade etmeyecektir. D\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin i\u015ftahlar\u0131n\u0131 kabartan K\u00fcrdistan\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol rezervleri, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n s\u00fcrekli i\u015fgal konumunda tutulmas\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtlerin de s\u00fcrekli isyan halinde olmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u0130syan\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n I. Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan hemen sonra, \u0130ngilizler \u0130ran’daki Anglo-\u0130ran petrol \u015firketini koruma bahanesiyle Irak’a \u00f6zel bir ordu g\u00f6nderirler. Ard\u0131ndan 5 Kas\u0131m 1914’te Osmanl\u0131ya sava\u015f ilan eden \u0130ngilizler, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Basra’y\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek Mezopotamya’ya do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flarlar. <\/p>\n Ba\u011fdat’\u0131 alan \u0130ngilizlerin hedefi, Kerk\u00fck \u00fczerinden Musul’a ula\u015fmakt\u0131r. May\u0131s 1918’de Kerk\u00fck’e do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7en \u0130ngilizler, Osmanl\u0131 Ordusunu \u00e7ok k\u0131sa zamanda sava\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. 9 May\u0131s’ta \u0130ngiliz ordusu Kerk\u00fck’e girer. \u015eehirde gerekli sivil ve askeri birimlerini kuvvetlendiren \u0130ngilizler i\u00e7in Musul art\u0131k daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r, ancak bu hedefe varmak o kadar kolay de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n “\u0130ngilizler, \u00f6nlerine hedef olarak, Musul’u Ekim ay\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7irmeyi koyarlar. Musul i\u00e7in \u00f6nlerine 4 ay gibi uzun bir zaman\u0131 koymalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, Osmanl\u0131 ordusu de\u011fildir. \u0130ngilizler kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na kadar silahlanm\u0131\u015f K\u00fcrtleri bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu da\u011fl\u0131larla ba\u015flar\u0131 beladayd\u0131 ve bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flayam\u0131yorlard\u0131.” (Frans\u0131z belgeleri, T\u00fcrk Dosyalar\u0131 cilt 63, S.21) <\/p>\n K\u00fcrt direni\u015fiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan \u0130ngiliz birlikleri, hedefledikleri tarihte Musul’a giremezler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam eden Musul tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da b\u00f6yle ba\u015flar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 30 Ekim 1918’de Mondros M\u00fctarekesi imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman Musul’da Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, Lozan Konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve daha sonra da hep bu duruma dayanarak Musul’un T\u00fcrkiye’ye verilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunur. K\u00fcrtlerin direni\u015fi olmasayd\u0131, \u0130ngilizler ate\u015fkesten \u00f6nce Musul’a gireceklerdi ve bu tart\u0131\u015fma da hi\u00e7 ba\u015flamayacakt\u0131. <\/p>\n Ancak \u0130ngilizler, i\u015fin pe\u015fini b\u0131rakmaya niyetli de\u011fildirler. Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131rken hen\u00fcz Musul’a girememi\u015f olan \u0130ngilizler, 2 Kas\u0131m 1918’de Musul’u ablukaya alarak, m\u00fctareke h\u00fck\u00fcmlerince T\u00fcrk garnizonunun teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131 isterler. Asl\u0131nda m\u00fctareke h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinde b\u00f6yle bir iste\u011fin dayana\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa, kenti bo\u015faltmay\u0131 reddederek, konunun \u0130stanbul ile Londra aras\u0131nda bir sonuca ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. \u0130stanbul, itirazlar\u0131n\u0131 Londra’ya bildirirken Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa’ya da “D\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgal iste\u011finde \u0131srar edip, sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunursa, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermeden kuzeye \u00e7ekil” talimat\u0131 veren bir telgraf g\u00f6nderilir. <\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz General Marshall, 15 Kas\u0131m’a kadar kentin bo\u015falt\u0131lmamas\u0131 durumunda d\u00f6k\u00fclecek kandan Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiren sert bir uyar\u0131da bulunur. Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri 8 Kas\u0131m’da \u015fehri bo\u015faltmaya ba\u015flar ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Musul Valili\u011fi’ne \u0130ngiliz bayra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilir. <\/p>\n \u0130\u015fgali ya\u015fayan bir \u0130ngiliz askeri yetkilisi, y\u0131llar sonra kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda, “Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa, Marshall’\u0131n bl\u00f6f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rseydi, \u0130ngilizler ilerleyemezdi.” diyordu. <\/p>\n \u0130daml\u0131k Berzenci Vali Oluyor <\/strong><\/p>\n Mahmud Berzenci, \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgali ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda ve T\u00fcrklerin Ruslarla olan sava\u015flar\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f Ruslar\u0131n \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar geriletilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama Ruslar b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Osmanl\u0131 askeri komutan\u0131, “talan yapmakla” su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 K\u00fcrt askerini kur\u015funa dizince, Berzenci ile T\u00fcrklerin aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Berzenci ordusuyla birlikte S\u00fcleymaniye’ye d\u00f6ner. Kerk\u00fck’\u00fcn i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan tutuklanarak idama mahk\u00fbm edilir. <\/p>\n Ancak \u0130ngilizlerin K\u00fcrdistan’da h\u0131zla ilerlemesi T\u00fcrkleri tedirgin eder. Halil Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n yerine atanan Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa, \u015eeyh Mahmud’dan yararlanmak gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, onu Musul’a davet eder ve kendisine “ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k” g\u00f6revi vererek S\u00fcleymaniye’ye g\u00f6nderir. Berzenci S\u00fcleymaniye Valisi olarak \u0130ngilizlerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131rken T\u00fcrk birlikleri bir hafta sonra Musul’u terk edecek kadar zor durumdad\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n Mondros Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131rken hen\u00fcz Musul’a girememi\u015f olan \u0130ngilizler, kenti bir hafta sonra tehdit ve hileyle T\u00fcrklerin elinden al\u0131r.\u00a0 Berzenci ise “Britanya’ya isyan etmekle” su\u00e7lan\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u0130li\u015fkiler Bozuluyor <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130ngilizler, Musul’u ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir, ama K\u00fcrtlerle iyi ili\u015fki kurmadan b\u00f6lgede tutunmalar\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011funu bilirler. \u0130ngiliz ajanlar\u0131, K\u00fcrtleri “\u0130ngiltere’nin yay\u0131lmac\u0131 emelleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na” ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Kendisini vali ilan eden ve T\u00fcrklerin geri d\u00f6nece\u011fine inanmayan Mahmud Berzenci ise, Wilson’a bir mektup g\u00f6ndererek, K\u00fcrtlere \u00f6zerklik verilmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimini kabul edebilece\u011fini bildirir. <\/p>\n Berzenci’nin bu mektubu \u00fczerine Wilson, K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131 yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131yan Binba\u015f\u0131 Noel’i S\u00fcleymaniye’ye g\u00f6nderir. Noel, 1 Kas\u0131m 1918’de S\u00fcleymaniye kent merkezinde bir konu\u015fma yaparak, Mahmud Berzenci’nin, Irak’taki genel h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan “K\u00fcrdistan Y\u00f6neticisi” olarak atand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. \u0130ngilizlerin amac\u0131 Berzenci’nin n\u00fcfuzundan yararlanmakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden K\u00fcrtlerle \u0130ngilizlerin ili\u015fkileri bozulur. Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedeni, b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili planlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesidir. Ocak 1919’da Paris’te bir araya gelen sava\u015f\u0131n galipleri, yeni plan \u00fczerinde anla\u015famazlar, ancak K\u00fcrtlere otonomi d\u00fczeyinde bile olsa bir hak verilemeyece\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya’n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesi ve Mustafa Kemal’in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelenin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 planlar\u0131 alt\u00fcst etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngilizler art\u0131k “K\u00fcrdistan” dememeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterirler. Bu politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi K\u00fcrdistan’a hemen yans\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130ngilizlerin G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini istemeyen ve bu durumu hazmetmeyen T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimi ise her f\u0131rsatta buradaki K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerini \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin \u00f6zellikle Musul \u00fczerindeki hak iddialar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bir gerginlik nedeni olur. Hatta T\u00fcrklerin b\u00f6lgede g\u00f6rev yapan kimi memur ve atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 valiler ise (Revanduz\u2019a atanan Remzi Bey) K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinin \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 duyduklar\u0131 kimi rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 daha da k\u00f6r\u00fckler.\u00a0 T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netiminin K\u00fcrt a\u015firet ve feodal liderlerini s\u00fcrekli k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma ve de yan\u0131na \u00e7ekme \u00e7abalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, 1920\u2019de imzalan Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifadeyle K\u00fcrdistan\u2019dan s\u00f6z edilerek K\u00fcrtler tamamen T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netiminden kopar\u0131lmak istenmi\u015ftir. Noel\u2019in bu d\u00f6nemde Kuzey K\u00fcrdistan’a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezi de K\u00fcrtleri, T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netiminden tamamen uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck olur. Gerek Sevr\u2019de K\u00fcrt devletinin kurulu\u015fundan s\u00f6z edilmesi gerekse Noel\u2019in Wilson\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlar, T\u00fcrk-K\u00fcrt d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaratacak uzun vadeli bir b\u00f6lge siyaseti olarak uygulan\u0131r. <\/p>\n T\u00fcrklerle \u0130ngilizler aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131m merkezi oldu\u011funu iyi bilen \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci dengeleri g\u00f6zeterek g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeyi denese de sonu\u00e7ta T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmaktan kurtulamaz. Bu \u00e7eki\u015fme i\u00e7inden s\u0131yr\u0131lmak isteyen \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci, \u0130ngilizlerin t\u00fcm yard\u0131mlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de s\u00fcrekli k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7embere al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilir <\/p>\n \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ngilizler \u015eeyh Mahmut h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcresince idari alanda baz\u0131 bo\u015fluklar\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131 sonucu baz\u0131 idari dairelere kendi adamlar\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirip, K\u00fcrtler’i y\u00f6netimde etkisiz b\u0131rakmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Devaml\u0131 olarak da \u015eeyh Mahmut’un n\u00fcfuzunu k\u0131rmaya, halk\u0131 kand\u0131r\u0131p kendi yanlar\u0131na \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130ngilizlerin bu g\u00fcven k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 siyasetleri \u015eeyh Mahmud\u2019u s\u00fcrekli tedirgin etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n \u00a0Bir nebze olsun \u0130ngiliz k\u0131skac\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7lerini toparlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci Musul, Kerk\u00fck, Erbil ve S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019nin tamamen kendi denetimine verilmesini \u0130ngilizlerden talep eder. <\/p>\n Di\u011fer taraftan da K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bulunup ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flar. D\u0131zli A\u015fireti lideri Mahmut Han’dan, S\u00fcleymaniye’yi almas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bunun \u00fczerine Mahmut Han, silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle 21 May\u0131s 1919’da S\u00fcleymaniye’yi ele ge\u00e7irir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ran K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131nda bulunan bir\u00e7ok a\u015firet, h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanarak \u0130ran ile Irak K\u00fcrtlerinin birle\u015fmesi ve \u015eeyh Mahmut \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ederler. S\u00fcleymaniye’de ba\u015flayan ayaklanma k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut da ordusuyla birlikte Derbendi Baziyan’da konumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fck \u0130ngiliz askeri de \u00c7em\u00e7emal’de 17 Haziran’da \u015eeyh Mahmut kuvvetlerine sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bekler. \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri Derbendi Baziyan’\u0131 arkadan ku\u015fatarak, K\u00fcrt kuvvetlerini bombard\u0131mana tutar ve bu s\u0131rada \u015eeyh Mahmut yaralan\u0131r. \u015eeyh Mahmut’un yaralanmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6ndersiz kalan K\u00fcrt kuvvetleri da\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. \u0130ngilizler \u015eeyh Mahmut’u ve damad\u0131 \u015eeyh Hama Xerib\u2019i yaral\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip Ba\u011fdat’a g\u00f6nderirler. Ba\u011fdat’ta askeri bir mahkeme kurulur ve \u015eeyh Mahmut \u015fu \u201csu\u00e7 lardan yarg\u0131lan\u0131r <\/p>\n 1-B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Devleti’ne kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmek ve kan akmas\u0131na neden olmak. <\/p>\n 2-Britanya bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 indirip, yerine K\u00fcrdistan bayra\u011f\u0131 asmak. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut kendisine isnat edilen su\u00e7lar\u0131 kabul etmeyip, \u0130ngilizlerin kendisine verdikleri s\u00f6z\u00fc tutmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve ak\u0131t\u0131lan kandan da \u0130ngilizlerin sorumlu oldu\u011funu ifade eder. Mahkeme, \u015eeyh Mahmut’un idam\u0131na karar verir. Daha sonra bu ceza \u201c10 y\u0131l hapis ve Hindistan’a s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderme bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fi\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n \u00a0Wilson, mahkemenin bu karar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeli bulup \u015funlar\u0131 ifade eder “\u015eeyh Mahmut’un hayatta kalmas\u0131 onun dostlar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir umuttur. D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlikedir. \u015eeyh Mahmut’un dostlar\u0131 onun d\u00f6nece\u011fi \u00fcmidiyle eski tutumlar\u0131na devam edeceklerdir. D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 da d\u00f6nece\u011fi korkusuyla rahat bir ya\u015fam ya\u015fayamayacakt\u0131r. Yani k\u0131saca, \u015eeyh Mahmut hayatta oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece K\u00fcrdistan’da istikrar olmayacakt\u0131r.” <\/p>\n Sevr’den sonra ortada ciddi anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu olarak sadece Musul meselesi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fcrtlerin durumu ise belirsizli\u011fini korur. K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n Irak’a ba\u011flanmas\u0131 K\u00fcrtlerde ciddi bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede ayaklanan K\u00fcrtler, \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6neticilere suikastlar d\u00fczenlerler. <\/p>\n 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda Musul sorununun giderek \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00f6redeki \u0130ngiliz subaylar\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 sertle\u015ftirir. Soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma yasa\u011f\u0131 konulur, s\u0131k s\u0131k arama ve toplu tutuklamalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir, K\u00fcrt liderler toplumdan izole edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u0130ngiltere’nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi durumunda olan Irak’ta \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131 kapsayan topraklar \u0130ngilizler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Burada mutlak anlamda kendileri h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmek isterler. 24 Temmuz 1920’de Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n \u015eam krall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fckleri Faysal\u2019\u0131 \u0130ngilizler, 12 Mart 1921’de ba\u015flayan Kahire Konferans\u0131’nda (Kerk\u00fck ve S\u00fcleymaniye’den tek bir K\u00fcrt delegenin kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131) bir t\u00f6renle, I. Faysal olarak Irak Kral\u0131 yaparlar. 29 Haziran’da Faysal, Ba\u011fdat’a ge\u00e7er. Hemen g\u00f6stermelik bir referandum yap\u0131l\u0131r. Musul halk\u0131 se\u00e7imi toptan boykot eder. 23 A\u011fustos’ta Faysal resmi t\u00f6renle krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 devral\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u00a0Faysal, \u0130ngilizlerin kendisine ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek ve Irak’ta egemenli\u011finde ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar \u00fczerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmek ister. Bu do\u011frultuda \u00f6zellikle de K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesmek, Faysal’\u0131n en \u00f6nemli hedefidir. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut’un Hindistan’a s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesinden sonra da G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’da halk \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc elde edebilmek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ayaklan\u0131r. Am\u00eadiye b\u00f6lgesinde halk 15 Temmuz 1919’da Hac\u0131 \u015eaban A\u011fa \u00f6nderli\u011finde ayaklanm\u0131\u015f, Aqre’de de Barzaniler \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde irili ufakl\u0131 ayaklanmalar olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n 1921 ve 1922 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler ve T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda Musul’un payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda sorunlar \u00e7\u0131kar. T\u00fcrklerin, Musul’da hak iddia etmelerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u0130ngilizler de tekrar K\u00fcrtleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek Musul \u00fczerinde hak talep ederler. Bu politikalar sonucu \u0130ngilizler K\u00fcrt H\u00fck\u00fcmetini yeniden kurma giri\u015fiminde bulunurlar. Bunun i\u00e7in de s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde olan \u015eeyh Mahmut’u tekrar S\u00fcleymaniye’ye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rlar. G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’da ya\u015fanan ayaklanmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc alamayan ve maddi anlamda b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara u\u011frayan \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi, sorunu politik a\u00e7\u0131dan halledip, maddi kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ister. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu sebepler ve K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131n \u015eeyh Mahmut’a olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015eeyh Mahmut’u tekrar S\u00fcleymaniye’ye getirtmi\u015ftir. \u015eeyh Mahmut, K\u00fcrdistan’a tekrar “K\u00fcrdistan Y\u00f6neticisi” olarak geri d\u00f6ner. Ard\u0131ndan yeni bir kabine kurulur ve bakanl\u0131klar belirlenir. Bakanl\u0131klara atanan isimler G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’da yay\u0131n yapan \u201cBangi Kurdistan Gazetesi’nde yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Bakanl\u0131klara getirilen isimler \u015funlard\u0131r: <\/p>\n 1- Ba\u015fbakan \u015eeyh Kadiri Hefid <\/p>\n 2- \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u015eeyh Muhammed Xerib <\/p>\n 3- Maliye Bakan\u0131 Abd\u00fclkerim Aleka <\/p>\n 4- E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 Mustafa Pa\u015fa <\/p>\n 5- Savunma Bakan\u0131 Salih Zeki Sahibk\u0131ran <\/p>\n 6- Adalet Bakan\u0131 Hac\u0131 Molla Sait Kerk\u00fckizade<\/p>\n \u0130ngilizler \u015eeyh Mahmut’tan T\u00fcrkleri Musul’dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 isteyip Musul sorununda kendilerinin galip \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7larlar. \u0130ngiliz temsilcileri ve Kral Faysal, \u015eeyh Mahmut’a K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131naca\u011f\u0131na dair s\u00f6z verirler. \u015eeyh Mahmut kendisine verilen s\u00f6zlerin yerine getirilmesini beklemeden Kas\u0131m 1922’de, “K\u00fcrdistan Y\u00f6neticisi” unvan\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek kendisini “K\u00fcrdistan Kral\u0131” ilan eder. Irak y\u00f6netiminde bulunan K\u00fcrdistan’a ait b\u00f6lgeleri kendi y\u00f6netimine al\u0131p G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamam\u0131yla kazanmak ister. Kerk\u00fck bu d\u00f6nemde resmi anlamda Ba\u011fdat’a ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda 1922 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda kendisine, Kerk\u00fck’ten iki yard\u0131mc\u0131 tayin eder. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut daha \u00f6nce de \u0130ngilizlerin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcst davranmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, siyasi kararlar\u0131 kendisi belirliyordu. \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi \u015eeyh Mahmut’u T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmak isterken, \u015eeyh Mahmut \u0130ngiltere ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri kendi lehine kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 1922’de \u0130ngiliz Y\u00fcksek Komiserli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan bir bildiri yay\u0131nlan\u0131r ve bu bildiride \u015funlara yer verilir: “\u0130ngiliz ve Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, Irak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlerin, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde bir devlet kurma haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. Umut edilir ki, \u00e7e\u015fitli K\u00fcrt unsurlar en k\u0131sa zamanda aralar\u0131nda anla\u015fmaya vararak, s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmete verecekleri bi\u00e7imi, otoritesinin neleri kapsayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmeleri ve \u0130ngiliz ve Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleriyle ekonomik ve siyasi ili\u015fkilerini tart\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere yetkili delegeleri g\u00f6ndermelerini beklemekteyiz.” <\/p>\n Bu bildiri hi\u00e7bir zaman uygulamaya ge\u00e7mez. Bu durumdan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131n hayati \u00f6nemdeki istemleri, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan hafife al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1923’te Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n ilk sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirmesiyle birlikte K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde isyanlar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u015eeyh Mahmut, \u0130ngiliz ve Irak y\u00f6netiminin vaatlerinde samimi olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce b\u00fcy\u00fck ve genel bir ayaklanma haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flar. Bunun i\u00e7in de Necef ve Kerbela’daki \u015eii liderlerle de temasa ge\u00e7er. Geli\u015fmeleri haber alan \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi ve askeri kuvvetleri Ba\u011fdat’ta bir araya gelerek \u015eeyh Mahmut ve y\u00f6netimine y\u00f6nelik kararlar al\u0131rlar. Bu do\u011frultuda, 21 \u015eubat’ta \u015eeyh Mahmut’a \u015fu \u00fcltimatomu g\u00f6nderirler: “Ya t\u00fcm idari konseyinle Ba\u011fdat’a gelip durumu izah edeceksin ya da g\u00f6revden al\u0131nacaks\u0131n.” Bu durum S\u00fcleymaniye halk\u0131na, u\u00e7aklardan at\u0131lan bildirilerle haber verilir ve halk\u0131n direni\u015f g\u00f6stermesi halinde kentin bombalanaca\u011f\u0131 bildirilir. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut’un bu \u00fcltimatoma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k direni\u015fe ge\u00e7mesi \u00fczerine 22 \u015eubat 1922’de S\u00fcleymaniye kentine tekrar u\u00e7aklardan bildiriler at\u0131l\u0131r. 24 \u015eubat’ta \u015eeyh Mahmut \u0130ngiliz temsilcisi Edmons ile telgraf arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ancak sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namaz. \u015eeyh Mahmut ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet temsilcileri 3 Mart’ta Kerk\u00fck’e ge\u00e7erler. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn S\u00fcleymaniye bombard\u0131mana tabi tutulur. Daha sonra \u015eeyh Mahmut, Zerde\u015ft yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir ma\u011faraya yerle\u015fip 8 Mart’ta \u201cBang\u00ee Heq adl\u0131 bir gazete \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p ilk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 “cihad” \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ay\u0131r\u0131r. Salih Zeki komutas\u0131nda “K\u00fcrt ulusal ordusu yla isyan haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. <\/p>\n Rewanduz’un \u0130ngiliz ve Faysal birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgalinden sonra, i\u015fgalciler 8 May\u0131s 1923’te S\u00fcleymaniye’ye y\u00f6nelir. 12 May\u0131s’ta Hint ordusunun iki taburu, Edmons ve baz\u0131 \u0130ngiliz subaylar e\u015fli\u011finde Kerk\u00fck’e do\u011fru hareket eder. \u0130ngilizler etraf\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131nca, \u015eeyh Mahmut geri \u00e7ekilir ve S\u00fcleymaniye sava\u015f\u0131lmadan i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir. 20 May\u0131s’ta \u015eeyh Mahmut baz\u0131 askeri kuvvetleriyle birlikte \u0130ran’a gider. <\/p>\n G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan halk\u0131 \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i Faysal y\u00f6netimini kabul etmedikleri i\u00e7in S\u00fcleymaniye’de gereken h\u00e2kimiyet kurulamaz. 17 Haziran 1923’te \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi S\u00fcleymaniye’den \u00e7ekilme karar\u0131 al\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine 11 Temmuz 1923’te \u015eeyh Mahmut tekrar S\u00fcleymaniye’ye d\u00f6ner. Ancak \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’daki bir\u00e7ok \u015fehri Irak y\u00f6netimine ba\u011flayarak \u015eeyh Mahmut’un etki alan\u0131n\u0131 daraltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u015eeyh Mahmut \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netiminin b\u00fct\u00fcn uyar\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinin de i\u00e7i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri, tehdit amac\u0131 ile \u015eeyh Mahmut’un genel karargah\u0131na bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunurlar. <\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netimi “silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin izni olmaks\u0131z\u0131n asker toplamak, kanunsuz vergi toplamak, \u00fclkenin d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla ili\u015fki kurmak”la su\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015eeyh Mahmut’tan kurtulmak isterler. 20 May\u0131s 1924’te, \u015eeyh Mahmut’un be\u015f g\u00fcne kadar teslim olmamas\u0131 durumunda kentin yeniden bombalanaca\u011f\u0131 bildirilir. \u015eeyh’in teslim olmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine 27 ve 28 May\u0131s’ta \u0130ngiliz Hava Kuvvetleri S\u00fcleymaniye’yi bombalar. Bombard\u0131man\u0131n \u015fiddeti sonucu \u015fehrin nerdeyse \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle tekrar \u015fehri terk edip uzun bir s\u00fcre direni\u015fe devam eder. Ancak G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan, i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eeyh Mahmut’un \u015fehri terk etmesiyle beraber Faysal, ilk defa Kerk\u00fck’e gider ve burada Irak bayra\u011f\u0131 Kerk\u00fck Kalesi’ne dikilir Haks\u0131zl\u0131klar Devam Eder<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130ngilizlerin K\u00fcrdistan \u00fczerindeki ama\u00e7lar\u0131 devam eder. K\u00fcrtleri s\u00fcrekli kendileri ac\u0131s\u0131ndan potansiyel tehlike olarak g\u00f6ren \u0130ngilizler, bir tak\u0131m noktalarda rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 haklar tan\u0131salar da verilen bir\u00e7ok hak k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalm\u0131\u015f, pratikte uygulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rejimin ortaya koydu\u011fu bu duyars\u0131zl\u0131k ve ya\u015fanan haks\u0131zl\u0131klar, halk nezdinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir memnuniyetsizli\u011fe yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve yer yer tekrardan ayaklanmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebepten dolay\u0131 1929’da, d\u00f6rt K\u00fcrt mebusu, Irak parlamentosunda ba\u015fbakan ve y\u00fcksek komisere \u015fu istekleri sunarlar: <\/p>\n 1- Kuzeyde, y\u00f6netim merkezi Duhok olmak \u00fczere yeni bir ilin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131. <\/p>\n 2- Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti gelirlerinden her y\u0131l K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgelerinin geli\u015ftirilmesine % 20 \u00f6denek ayr\u0131lmas\u0131. <\/p>\n 3- Zorunlu K\u00fcrt\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretiminin uygulanmas\u0131. <\/p>\n 4-H\u00fck\u00fcmet askerlerinin G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’dan geri \u00e7ekilmesi. <\/p>\n 5- Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ne iki K\u00fcrt temsilcisinin kat\u0131lmas\u0131. <\/p>\n 30 Haziran 1930’da, \u0130ngiliz-Irak Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fmayla Kral Faysal liderli\u011finde Irak, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015furken \u0130ngiltere, antla\u015fmay\u0131 kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda d\u00fczenler. S\u00f6z konusu antla\u015fmada, K\u00fcrt Halk\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131 ulusal taleplerine hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde yer verilmez. Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine K\u00fcrtler, Milletler Cemiyeti’ne farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden \u00fcst \u00fcste dilek\u00e7eler g\u00f6nderirler. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu gerginli\u011fi gidermek i\u00e7in \u0130ngiliz ve Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nden temsilciler, K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6nderilirler. <\/p>\n S\u00fcleymaniye ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerdeki K\u00fcrtler, 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1930’da, o d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen parlamento se\u00e7imlerini boykot ederler. Halk, rejim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 mitingler d\u00fczenleyerek sesini duyurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. S\u00fcleymaniye’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir mitingde polis halka ate\u015f a\u00e7ar ve 20 K\u00fcrt \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Mitinge kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu yaralan\u0131r. 6 Eyl\u00fcl’de ya\u015fanan bu olaylar tarihe “Roja Re\u015f” diye ge\u00e7er. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmud Berzenci bu ortamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek bir direni\u015fin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fabilece\u011fine inan\u0131r ve tekrardan silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadele karar\u0131 al\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’da bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgeden halk bu direni\u015fe kendili\u011finden destek verir. Irak askerleri ilk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada K\u00fcrt direni\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan ma\u011flup edilirler. Bu durum, “K\u00fcrt tehlikesi”ne kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede kendi askerlerinin kalmas\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fini kan\u0131tlamak isteyen \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan bulunmaz bir f\u0131rsat olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Bunun \u00fczerine \u0130ngiliz Hava Kuvvetleri hemen harekete ge\u00e7erek, G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131 hava sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na tutar. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmud ve K\u00fcrt subay\u0131 Binba\u015f\u0131 Mahmut Cevdet, G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’daki bu durum ile ilgili Milletler Cemiyeti’ne 30 Ekim 1930’da bir bildiri g\u00f6nderip \u015funlar\u0131 belirtirler: “Irak’ta K\u00fcrt Ulusu\u2019nun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da imzalar\u0131 bulunan temsilcileri olan bizler, Arap h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullara daha fazla dayanabilecek durumda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, Milletler Cemiyeti’nin bilgisine sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 rica ediyoruz. Yasas\u0131zl\u0131k ve takibattan aral\u0131ks\u0131z \u00e7ile \u00e7eken bizler, soyda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, Arap esaret\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 faal eylemlerde bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyemeyiz\u2026 <\/p>\n Biz insanseverlik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ad\u0131na, eski ve ma\u011frur K\u00fcrt Ulusu\u2019nun, ayn\u0131 zamanda Irak’taki \u00f6teki mazlum ulusal az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n, bundan \u00f6te, hakaretlerden korunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6stermeye mecburuz.” <\/p>\n K\u00fcrt Halk\u0131’n\u0131n hakl\u0131 istemleri her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi bu kez de hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde yan\u0131t bulmaz. K\u00fcrt direni\u015f\u00e7iler ve \u0130ngiliz-Irak askerleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar h\u0131z kazan\u0131r. Direni\u015f, K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n di\u011fer par\u00e7alar\u0131ndaki K\u00fcrtler’den de destek g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kuzey, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131\u2019daki(Suriye) K\u00fcrtler direni\u015fe maddi destek sunarlar. 1931’de bas\u0131n bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131r “Suriye K\u00fcrtleri, soyda\u015flar\u0131na yard\u0131m g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in her f\u0131rsattan yararlan\u0131yorlar, onlar bundan bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir camide Salah-ed Din Eyubi Tepesi’nde \u00f6lenlerin an\u0131s\u0131na dua okudular, konu\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar, m\u00fccadele veren K\u00fcrtlere yard\u0131m toplad\u0131lar ve ayaklanmac\u0131lara esin verici \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131larda bulundular.” <\/p>\n G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’daki direni\u015ften rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyan T\u00fcrkiye, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n yeterince korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla Irak rejimine muht\u0131ra g\u00f6nderir. Muht\u0131rada, G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’daki direni\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye’deki soyda\u015flar\u0131na yard\u0131m ettikleri belirtilir. Muht\u0131rada \u015funlara da de\u011finilir: “B\u00f6ylece K\u00fcrtler, A\u011fr\u0131 B\u00f6lgesi’nde T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015f K\u00fcrt Kuvvetleri yarar\u0131na baltalay\u0131c\u0131 eylemde bulunmak istiyorlar.” <\/p>\n K\u00fcrt direni\u015f\u00e7iler Irak ve \u0130ngiliz askerlerine kar\u015f\u0131 zay\u0131flay\u0131nca \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na do\u011fru \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flarlar. Ancak burada da onlar\u0131 \u0130ran askerleri kar\u015f\u0131lar. Ta\u015fnak “Ara\u00e7” gazetesinde \u00e7\u0131kan bir haber, bu durumu \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetler: “Acemistan ve Irak silahl\u0131 m\u00fcfrezelerinin, K\u00fcrt ayaklanmac\u0131lar\u0131 yok etmek \u00fczere \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde birle\u015fece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.” <\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan’da tarih yine tekerr\u00fcr ediyordu ve K\u00fcrdistan’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen direni\u015flere kar\u015f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn emperyalist ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci zihniyetler tekrar birle\u015fiyorlard\u0131. Irak askerleri ve \u0130ran askerleri K\u00fcrt direni\u015f\u00e7ilere ayn\u0131 zamanda sald\u0131rarak ayaklanmay\u0131 bu \u015fekilde bast\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu durum direni\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine neden olur. \u015eeyh Mahmut, Do\u011fu K\u00fcrdistan’a \u00e7ekilmek isterken, \u0130ran askerlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn yollar\u0131 kapad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. Daha fazla direnemeyen \u015eeyh Mahmut, 1931 May\u0131s ay\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz askerleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek ister. \u015eeyh Mahmut, \u0130ngiliz y\u00fcksek komiseri sekreteri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve ailesiyle birlikte S\u00fcleymaniye’ye gider. <\/p>\n \u015eey Mahmut, bir \u0130ngiliz subay\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde S\u00fcleymaniye’den, Ba\u011fdat’a, Ba\u011fdat’tan Ur kentine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Buradan Samara’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilir.\u00a0 <\/p>\n “Do\u011funun Fecri” gazetesi K\u00fcrt lideri \u015eeyh Mahmut i\u00e7in \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: “\u015eeyh Mahmud’un tez elden K\u00fcrdistan’dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, onun tutuklu oldu\u011fu zaman bile, emperyalist bask\u0131c\u0131larda ne denli korku uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fruluyor. \u015eeyh Mahmud’un S\u00fcleymaniye’de t\u00f6renle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, \u0130ngiliz emperyalizmine duyulan nefretin ve anti-emperyalist m\u00fccadele kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, Irak’ta ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n kalbinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en iyi kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.” <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci, 9 Ekim 1956 tarihinde Ba\u011fdat’taki Haydari Hastanesi’nde \u00f6l\u00fcr. Cenazesi ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn S\u00fcleymaniye’ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek orada topra\u011fa verilir.<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/p>\n www.lekolin.org – www.navendalekolin.com – www.lekolin.net \u2013 www.lekolin.info<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/p>\n \t<\/p>\n
Bedirxan Bey gen\u00e7 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00e7evredeki K\u00fcrt beylerine iktidar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmi\u015ftir. Bedirxan Bey, merkezi Cizira Botan olan eski Botan beyli\u011finin son beyidir. Bedirxan Bey’in h\u00e2kimiyeti yaln\u0131zca Botan b\u00f6lgesi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ngilizlerin Musul konsolosu, K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerin aras\u0131na ikilik sokmak ve Yezdan \u015eer\u2019i Osmanl\u0131yla uzla\u015fmaya ikna i\u00e7in yo\u011fun \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterir. Yezdan \u015eer, politik tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve verilen vaatlere hemen kanmas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131, Osmanl\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi kabul eder. \u0130stanbul’a gider ve orada tutuklan\u0131r. Ayaklanma da k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u00a0
\u015eEYH UBEYDULLAH VE NEHR\u0130 \u0130SYANI<\/strong><\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece \u015eeyh Ubeydullah da K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek ula\u015fan tarikat ve \u015eeyh ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 siyaset gelene\u011finin temsilcisi olur.<\/p>\n
Bunda sonra \u015eeyh M. Berzenci iki y\u0131la yak\u0131n Irak-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda kald\u0131ktan sona \u0130ran’a s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r ve 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z\u00fc vermesiyle tekrar G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a yerle\u015fir.\u00a0 <\/p>\n