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\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n CUMHUR\u0130YET D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDEK\u0130 D\u0130\u011eER AYAKLANMALAR<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n BEYT\u00dc\u015e\u015eEBAP AYAKLANMASI (3 Eyl\u00fcl 1924)<\/strong> <\/p>\n Azadi Cemiyeti liderlerinden Yusuf Ziya Bey, T\u00fcrk ordusunda bulunan baz\u0131 K\u00fcrdistanl\u0131 subaylarla ili\u015fki halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapmaktayd\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra bu subaylara da haber verilecek ve ayaklanma ba\u015flat\u0131lacakt\u0131. Yusuf Ziya Bey karde\u015fi Te\u011fmen R\u0131za’ya \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve i\u015flerin yolunda gitti\u011fi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin yak\u0131nda tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131ya az kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fifreli olarak a\u00e7\u0131klayan telgraf, Te\u011fmen R\u0131za, Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 \u0130hsan Nuri ve onlar\u0131n di\u011fer arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, ‘ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131’ olarak yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 3-4 Eyl\u00fcl 1924’te Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 \u0130hsan Nuri, 3 te\u011fmen ve 350 asker birliklerinden firar edip da\u011flara \u00e7ekilerek Beyt\u00fc\u015f\u015febap ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. <\/p>\n Bu ayaklanma haberine ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgenin ba\u015fka bir yerinde herhangi bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayaklanma haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan civar a\u015firetlerde de bir k\u0131m\u0131ldanma olmad\u0131. Da\u011fda ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 halinde olan \u0130hsan Nuri ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, bir sava\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, komutas\u0131ndaki askerleri terhis ederek, Suriye \u00fczerinden G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’a ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n RA\u00c7KOTAN VE RAMAN AYAKLANMASI:( 9- 12 A\u011fustos 1925 )<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Sait ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra silahl\u0131 olan ve iktidar yanl\u0131s\u0131 olmayan t\u00fcm a\u015firetlere y\u00f6nelik tedip (yola getirme) hareketleri planland\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n ilki Be\u015firi b\u00f6lgesindeki Raman a\u015fireti, Garzan ve Ra\u00e7kotan a\u015firetleri ile Silvan ve Kulp\u2019un Bukran a\u015firetlerine d\u00f6n\u00fck ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Devletin bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayaklanmaya d\u00e2hil olsun olmas\u0131n hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn halk ve a\u015firetler, devletin silah ve h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcleri toplama ve a\u015firet liderlerini yerlerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma kararlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendikleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacaklara haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bekliyorlard\u0131 ve bu durumu kabullenemiyorlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc silahlar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerini d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011funu biliyor ve vermek istemiyorlard\u0131. <\/p>\n Ayaklanmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Sinkan, Ra\u00e7kotan ve Bukran a\u015firetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan tedip hareketinde, b\u00f6lgede ayaklanan a\u015firetlere d\u00fc\u015fman olan a\u015firetler de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Kullan\u0131lan a\u015firetlerin \u00f6nde gelenleri hapiste de olsalar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar. <\/p>\n 1926 A\u011fustos\u2019unda ba\u015flayan operasyonlarda Raman A\u015fireti\u2019nin 16 k\u00f6y\u00fcne bask\u0131n d\u00fczenlenerek silahlar\u0131 toplan\u0131r. Raman, Alikan ve Receban a\u015firetleri silahlar\u0131n\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda 3 asker \u00f6l\u00fcr, 1 ki\u015fi de yaralan\u0131r. Raman A\u015firetinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da\u011flara \u00e7ekilmesiyle son bulur. <\/p>\n SASON AYAKLANMASI: ( 1925\u20131937 )<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Sait ayaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra H\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7leri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir direni\u015f merkezi olan Sason alan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da harekete ge\u00e7erler. T\u00fcrk ordusu Sason\u2019a 1932, 1935, 1936 ve 1937 y\u0131llar\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt defa silahlar\u0131 toplamak, b\u00f6lgede Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar sonucu burada ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n bat\u0131 illerine nakillerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek ve bunun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenler. Bu hareketler sonucunda 300\u2019e yak\u0131n silah toplan\u0131r. 65 asker \u00f6l\u00fcr, 80\u2018i yaralan\u0131r. Vah\u015fi y\u00f6ntemlerle halktan 430 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi yaralan\u0131r ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu teslim olur. Bas\u0131lan k\u00f6ylerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu yak\u0131l\u0131r ve y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n KO\u00c7U\u015eA\u011eI AYAKLANMASI : ( 7 EK\u0130M- 30 KASIM 1926 )<\/strong><\/p>\n 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu kez hedef Ko\u00e7u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 a\u015firetidir. A\u015firetin yok edilmesinin gere\u011fini Dersim’e gelip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fcten Diyarbak\u0131r Valisi Ali Cemal\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda \u015funlar belirtilir: “Yaln\u0131z \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019in 22 km. Kuzeydo\u011fusunda Kozluca’da yerle\u015fik K\u00f6r Seyit Han (Ko\u00e7u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 a\u015firetinden) \u015fakili\u011fi sanat edinmi\u015f al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Ko\u00e7giri hadisesinin mahk\u00fbm ve san\u0131klar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131na toplayarak \u00c7emi\u015fgezek, Arapgir, Kemah, Kemaliye taraflar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Silahlar\u0131n\u0131 teslim edece\u011fini ve itaat edeceklerini sanm\u0131yorum. \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki alay ve s\u00fcvarilerle yok edilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve \u00e7ok iyi olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir hareket \u00f6tekiler \u00fczerinde tesirli olacakt\u0131r.” <\/p>\n Ko\u00e7u\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u2019na yap\u0131lacak bir katliam, t\u00fcm halka y\u00f6nelik bir g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan da kimi a\u015firetleri aldatarak, vaatlerle yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. 7 Ekim\u2019de harek\u00e2t ba\u015flar. Ko\u00e7u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 a\u015fireti \u00fczerine hem havadan sald\u0131r\u0131 hem de \u00e7ok yo\u011fun top at\u0131\u015flar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Yer yer a\u015firetle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fan\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine a\u015firetler \u015fartl\u0131 olarak devlete birlikte hareket edece\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler. Fakat bu \u00e7ok etkili olmaz ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar devam eder. A\u015firetler da\u011flara do\u011fru ka\u00e7arak kendilerini korumay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131rlar fakat \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda y\u00fczlerce kay\u0131p verirler. Bununla beraber s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilirler. K\u00f6ylerinin \u00e7o\u011fu harabe haline gelir ve hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu kaybederler. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda 32 asker \u00f6l\u00fcr, 53\u2019\u00fc de yaralan\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u3000<\/p>\n MUTK\u0130 AYAKLANMASI: ( 26 MAYIS\u201325 A\u011eUSTOS 1927)<\/strong> <\/p>\n Daha \u00f6nce harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenlenmeyen Mutki\u2019de, Bitlis Valili\u011fi, 2. T\u00fcmene yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6neri ile yetinerek ve T\u00fcmenin cevab\u0131n\u0131 bile beklemeden toplam 8 a\u015firete mensup 35 k\u00f6yde ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n hem silahlar\u0131n\u0131n toplat\u0131lmas\u0131 hem de ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesini emretmesi \u00fczerine harekat ba\u015flar. Halkta buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak ayaklan\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece Mutki olaylar\u0131 ba\u015flar. <\/p>\n Ordu 26 May\u0131s 1927’de isyan b\u00f6lgesini ku\u015fat\u0131r. Ayaklanmaya \u015eeyh Abdurrahman, Mehmet Ali Yunus ve Zorikli Selim gibi isimler \u00f6nderlik ediyordu. <\/p>\n Devlet, harek\u00e2tta hedefine tam olarak ula\u015famasa da ayaklanman\u0131n \u00f6nderlerinin katledilmesi sonras\u0131nda, ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ayaklanma sonucunda bir\u00e7ok insan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve k\u00f6yler yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok insan da ka\u00e7mak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u0130CAR AYAKLANMASI: ( 7 EK\u0130M\u201317 KASIM 1927 )<\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eeyh Sait isyan\u0131ndan sonra b\u00f6lgede askerler d\u00fczenledikleri tarama harek\u00e2t\u0131 ile ayaklananlar\u0131n ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri yerlere \u00f6zellikle da\u011f ve nehir ge\u00e7itlerine yine ula\u015f\u0131mdan uzak, y\u00fcksek da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelere \u00e7\u0131karma yaparlar. Harek\u00e2t 7 Ekim\u2019de ba\u015flar. Buna yerelden devlete destek veren milisler de kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Harek\u00e2t Diyarbak\u0131r, Silvan, Mu\u015f, Hazro, Lice, Kulp, Gen\u00e7, Hani, Palu, Maden ve \u00c7\u00fcng\u00fc\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar. Bu harek\u00e2t s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fan\u0131r. \u015eeyh Abdurrahim ve beraberindeki grup kurtulmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Harek\u00e2t sonucunda resmi rakamlara g\u00f6re 280 k\u00f6y yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 2000\u2019in \u00fczerinde insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n AL\u0130 RESUL AYAKLANMASI: ( 22 MAYIS \u2013 3 A\u011eUSTOS 1929 )<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu isyan\u0131n sebebi Eruh il\u00e7esi jandarma komutan\u0131n\u0131n Jilyan a\u015fireti reisi Resul\u2019u tasfiye etmek istemesidir. Bu y\u00fczden onun hakk\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihbarlar\u0131 bahane ederek Resul\u2019un karde\u015fi ve baz\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tutuklama karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartarak, d\u00f6rt k\u00f6ye ayn\u0131 zamanda arama ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna tepki g\u00f6sterilmesi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada d\u00f6rt askerin \u00f6lmesi sonras\u0131nda olaylar b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Bunun \u00fczerine Jilyan a\u015fireti \u00fczerine 31 May\u0131s\u2019ta daha geni\u015f bir bask\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bunun sonucunda Ali Resul\u2019\u00fcn ili\u015fkilerinin oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm k\u00f6ylerde silah aramalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ayaklanmaya kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuk ve aileleri yakalanm\u0131\u015f, hayvanlar\u0131na el konularak bir\u00e7ok ev y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Neticede Ali Resul yakalanamaz ve ayaklanma son bulur. <\/p>\n TEND\u00dcREK HAREK\u00c2TI: ( 14 EYL\u00dcL \u2013 27 EYL\u00dcL 1929 )<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u0130ranl\u0131 \u015eeyh Abd\u00fclkadir ve a\u015firetine kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen Tend\u00fcrek harek\u00e2t\u0131 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1929\u2019da ba\u015flar. \u015eeyh Abd\u00fclkadir a\u015fireti ile birlikte \u0130ran\u2019a ka\u00e7ar. Devlet g\u00fc\u00e7leri e\u015fyalar\u0131 ve hayvanlar\u0131na el koyar. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda harek\u00e2t genel olarak sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131r. <\/p>\n SAVUR HAREK\u00c2TI: ( 20 MAYIS \u2013 9 HAZ\u0130RAN 1930 )<\/strong><\/p>\n 25 May\u0131s 1930\u2019da askerler \u00fc\u00e7 koldan Mardin\u2019in Savur b\u00f6lgesine harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenlerler ve k\u00f6ylere sald\u0131r\u0131rlar. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler kar\u015f\u0131 koyar ve 3 ki\u015fi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir, 3 ki\u015fi de yaralan\u0131r. 30 ki\u015filik bir grup da\u011flara \u00e7ekilse de herhangi bir sonu\u00e7 elde edemezler. Neticede k\u00f6ylerden 280 silah toplan\u0131r ve harek\u00e2t sona erer.<\/p>\n Z\u0130LAN HAREK\u00c2TI : ( 20 HAZ\u0130RAN- EYL\u00dcL 1930 )<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u011fr\u0131 isyan\u0131 devam ederken K\u00f6r H\u00fcseyin ve Emin pa\u015fa o\u011fullar\u0131, Erci\u015f\u2019in kuzeyinde bulunan Zilan merkezi ve karakolunu basarlar. Buradaki kendi a\u015firetlerine mensup kesimleri de alarak ayaklan\u0131rlar. Ayaklanma Patnos, Zilan, \u00c7ald\u0131ran ve Erci\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde devam eder. <\/p>\n Bu b\u00f6lgelere b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri y\u0131\u011f\u0131nak yap\u0131larak ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Harek\u00e2t sonucunda ayaklanmalara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edenlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yakalan\u0131r ve bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6y yak\u0131l\u0131r. Bunla beraber binlerce insan katledilir, bir\u00e7o\u011fu yerlerini terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Her harekatta oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00f6ylerden bir\u00e7ok silah toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n ORAMAR HAREK\u00c2TI: ( 16 TEMMUZ \u2013 10 EK\u0130M 1930 )<\/strong> <\/p>\n T\u00fcrklerin A\u011fr\u0131 \u00fczerinde bask\u0131y\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131rada Xoybun cemiyeti K\u00f6r H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n o\u011flunu o s\u0131ralarda G\u00fcney\u2019de faal halde olan Barzanilere g\u00f6nderir. Bu ki\u015fi onlardan yard\u0131m istemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Ama\u00e7, devletin A\u011fr\u0131\u2019da geli\u015fen isyan \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmek ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere da\u011f\u0131tmakt\u0131. E\u011fer Barzaniler Hakk\u00e2ri y\u00f6resinde harekete ge\u00e7ebilirlerse A\u011fr\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131 hafifleyebilirdi. Ahmed Barzani yard\u0131m etmeyi kabul etmi\u015ftir. Neticede Mustafa Barzani’nin komuta etti\u011fi 500 ki\u015fi Oramar b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6nderilir. Barzani buralara bask\u0131nlar d\u00fczenler. Nihayet b\u00f6lgedeki durum devleti tedirgin etmeye ve kuvvet kayd\u0131rmalar\u0131na sebep olacak d\u00fczeyde endi\u015felendirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksekova b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7evresindeki askerler Oramar’a takviye olarak g\u00f6nderilir. \u015eemdinli\u2019deki Nehri taburu da Y\u00fcksekova’ya \u00e7ekilme emri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada b\u00f6lgedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn karakollar\u0131 basan Barzaniler, geri \u00e7ekilirken K\u00f6r H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fan\u0131n o\u011flunu kay\u0131p vermi\u015flerdir. Ama art\u0131k T\u00fcrkler de b\u00f6lgede tedirgin bir hassasiyet g\u00f6stereceklerdi.<\/p>\n Bunun \u00fczerine Oramar, \u015eemdinan ve \u00c7\u00f6lemerik (Hakkari) b\u00f6lgesine harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenlenir. Sonu\u00e7ta Barzaniler tekrar G\u00fcney\u2019e do\u011fru \u00e7ekilerek s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7erler. <\/p>\n P\u00dcL\u00dcM\u00dcR HAREK\u00c2TI: ( 8 EK\u0130M \u2013 14 KASIM 1930 )<\/strong> <\/p>\n A\u011fr\u0131 harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te b\u00f6lgede bulunan Fevzi \u00c7akmak, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k ve \u0130\u00e7i\u015flerine Erzincan hakk\u0131ndaki izlenimlerini aktar\u0131r. Hemen sonras\u0131nda Genel Kurmay\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda Erzincan merkez il\u00e7esinde 10,000 K\u00fcrd\u00fcn oldu\u011fu, bunlar\u0131n Alevilikten faydalanarak T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerini K\u00fcrtle\u015ftirmeye ve K\u00fcrt dilini yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, bunun birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm Erzincan\u2019a yay\u0131laca\u011f\u0131ndan kayg\u0131 ve endi\u015fe duyuldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Buna \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yapan k\u00f6ylerin Trakya\u2019ya nakli, buralardaki baz\u0131 reislerin polis nezaretinde ikamet i\u00e7in emniyete al\u0131nmalar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk dilinin b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeye yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in esasl\u0131 tedbirler al\u0131nmas\u0131 talimat\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n Bunun \u00fczerine bir harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenlenir. Bu harek\u00e2t sonucunda bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6y yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r, insanlar katledilir. Bir\u00e7ok insan da g\u00f6\u00e7ertilir. <\/p>\n A\u011eRI \u0130SYANI<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130hsan Nuri Pa\u015fa<\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n A\u011fr\u0131 isyan\u0131n\u0131n liderlerinden \u0130hsan Nuri, T\u00fcrk ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f bir komutand\u0131r. Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 ile K\u00fcrtlere verilen s\u00f6zler tutulmay\u0131nca, \u0130hsan Nuri g\u00f6revini b\u0131rak\u0131r ve K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayaklanma haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u015flar. \u0130hsan Nuri an\u0131lar\u0131nda o d\u00f6nemi “esir ya\u015famaktansa, sava\u015farak \u00f6lmek daha iyidir” diye tan\u0131mlar. <\/p>\n \u0130syan \u00f6ncesi durum:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n 1925’te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u015eeyh Sait isyan\u0131ndan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen devlet \u015fiddeti, K\u00fcrdistan’da bir K\u00fcrt soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131 bir mezar haline getirmeyi hedefleyen sistem, idam sehpalar\u0131 kurmu\u015f \u015fehirleri, k\u00f6yleri topa tutmu\u015f, binlerce K\u00fcrt, Mecburi \u0130skan Yasas\u0131’yla farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrdistan’a Anadolu’dan T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus aktar\u0131larak K\u00fcrt Halk\u0131 zorla T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Takrir-i S\u00fckun Kanunu’nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130stiklal Mahkemeleri’nin kurulmas\u0131, Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flikler vs. uygulamalarla K\u00fcrdistan’da \u00e7\u0131kabilecek yeni isyanlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u015eeyh Sait isyan\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt kitlesi Irak, Suriye ve \u0130ran’a ge\u00e7er. Kuzeydeki halk ise 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa devlete kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar halinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Devlet bu kez i\u015fi s\u0131k\u0131 tutmakta, K\u00fcrt co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00f6zel plana tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede “Genel M\u00fcfetti\u015flik” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir birimin kurulmas\u0131 da bu d\u00f6neme rastlar. <\/p>\n Xoybun Cemiyeti<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Bu arada K\u00fcrt yurtseverlerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 devam etmektedir. Birlik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak da L\u00fcbnan’\u0131n Bihandan kasabas\u0131nda Xoybun (Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k) Cemiyeti kurulur. Xoybun, geni\u015f bir kesimi bir araya getirmi\u015ftir ( a\u015firet reisi, a\u011fa, doktor, asker, \u00f6\u011fretmen, gazeteci, ayd\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fc vd.)<\/p>\n 1927\u2019de “K\u00fcrt Milli Genel Kurultay\u0131” d\u00fczenlenir ve Xoybun \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kurulur. T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 2. maddesi, \u201cson T\u00fcrk askerinin kutsal K\u00fcrdistan topra\u011f\u0131ndan tahliye edilmesine kadar T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele olarak belirlenen Xoybun t\u00fcm K\u00fcrtlerin ulusal birli\u011fini hedefler.<\/p>\n K\u00fcrtlerde isyan \u00f6ncesinin en kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak da g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz Xoybun Cemiyeti, bir\u00e7ok isyanda g\u00f6remeyece\u011fimiz bir \u00f6n olu\u015fum ve A\u011fr\u0131 isyan\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131k mahiyetinde kurulmu\u015ftur. Cemiyet d\u00f6rt par\u00e7ada K\u00fcrtleri i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu. \u00dcyeleri aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrt aristokrasisi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta olsa da kad\u0131nlar, \u00f6\u011frenciler, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler de yer almaktayd\u0131. Yine K\u00fcrt Teali Cemiyeti Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve K\u00fcrt Millet F\u0131rkas\u0131n\u0131n da kimi eski \u00fcyeleri Xoybun\u2019un kurulu\u015funda yer almaktayd\u0131. <\/p>\n Xoybun\u2019un kurulu\u015funda Bedirxan ailesi de yer al\u0131yordu (Celadet, Kamuran, S\u00fcreyya). Bedirxaniler, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r sonra ilk defa K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fcp ba\u015flayacak olan bir isyanda yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131. <\/p>\n Suriye Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n denetiminde oldu\u011fundan gerek Xoybun\u2019un kurulu\u015fu, gerekse gazete ve dergi gibi K\u00fcrtl\u00fck ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen t\u00fcm faaliyetler Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n denetimi alt\u0131nda sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. Bedirxan ailesinin de ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bu yana s\u00fcrekli Frans\u0131zlara yak\u0131n durdu\u011fu bir ger\u00e7ektir. Cemiyetin kurulu\u015funda \u00f6nemli rol oynayan Celadet, Kamuran ve S\u00fcreyya Bedirxan\u2019\u0131n tam anlam\u0131yla Frans\u0131z k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, edebiyat\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131 ile yeti\u015ftikleri ba\u015fka bir ger\u00e7ektir. Sonradan Suriye\u2019de kurulacak olan Hawar ve Ronahi gibi dergilerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi Frans\u0131zlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Celadet Bedirxan\u2019\u0131n kendisi belirtir.<\/p>\n Xoybun her ne kadar A\u011fr\u0131 isyan\u0131 \u00f6ncesi \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k komitesi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da, ilk giri\u015fimi olarak Ermeni Ta\u015fnak Cemiyeti ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fki kurar ve ABD, \u0130talya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa yetkililerine mektuplar g\u00f6ndererek, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019daki sefaleti, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 yerinde g\u00f6rmeleri istenir. Bu ama\u00e7 d\u00e2hilinde S\u00fcreyya Bedirxan, Xoybun temsilcisi olarak ABD\u2019ye bir ziyarette bulunur. <\/p>\n Xoybun \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn temel faaliyetleri a\u015firetleri uzla\u015ft\u0131rmak, kazanmak ve isyana haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapmakt\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7erideki haz\u0131rl\u0131k daha \u00e7ok bu d\u00fczeydeyken d\u0131\u015far\u0131da da \u00e7e\u015fitli devletlerle ili\u015fki geli\u015ftirerek destek aramaktad\u0131r. Bu haz\u0131rl\u0131k daha \u00e7ok siyasi ve diplomatik destek ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Askeri m\u00fchimmat ve g\u00fc\u00e7 talebi az rastlanan bir durumdu.<\/p>\n \u0130syan\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan T\u00fcrk egemenleri de askeri harek\u00e2tlara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flar. K\u00fcrt direni\u015f\u00e7ileriyle T\u00fcrk devleti aras\u0131nda ilk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma 16 May\u0131s 1926’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130ran’daki a\u015firetlerin de deste\u011fiyle K\u00fcrt direni\u015f\u00e7iler T\u00fcrk ordusunu yener. Bu, yeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n da habercisidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n halk i\u00e7inde sempati kazanmas\u0131 ve umut olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi sonucunu do\u011furur.<\/p>\n Aradan bir y\u0131l gibi bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7er. Bu arada devlet afla K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131 kand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, A\u011fr\u0131 ve \u00e7evresine askeri y\u0131\u011f\u0131nak yapar. 13 Eyl\u00fcl 1927 tarihinde T\u00fcrk ordusu 10 bin ki\u015fi ile A\u011fr\u0131 da\u011f\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131r. Her iki taraftan da b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar ya\u015fan\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrk devleti istedi\u011fini elde edemeden geri d\u00f6ner. T\u00fcrkiye, bu yenilginin, \u0130ran’dan gelen g\u00fc\u00e7lerin deste\u011fiyle oldu\u011funu anlay\u0131nca, \u0130ran’dan, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kapatmas\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rdan ge\u00e7ecek K\u00fcrt g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra Xoybun Cemiyeti A\u011fr\u0131\u2019da bir “K\u00fcrt Milli Toplant\u0131s\u0131” yaparak, “Ulusal H\u00fck\u00fcmet”in kuruldu\u011funu ilan eder ve hedefini K\u00fcrdistan olarak belirler. \u0130syan\u0131n askeri liderli\u011fine \u0130hsan Nuri, siyasi liderli\u011fine de \u0130brahim Hisko Telli getirilir. <\/p>\n Xoybun \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendiricili\u011fi, A\u011fr\u0131 isyan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle bu a\u015famadan sonra daha nitelikli bir hale getirir. \u0130hsan Nuri elindeki ilkel bir matbaa ile “Agir\u00ee” ve “Gaziya Welat” ad\u0131nda iki gazete \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapar. Ayr\u0131ca “Agir\u00ee agir dibar\u00eene” (A\u011fr\u0131 Ate\u015f Ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131yor) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir bildiri yay\u0131nlay\u0131p ayaklanman\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 halka a\u00e7\u0131klar. Gerilla tarz\u0131 eylemlerle devletin otoritesini y\u0131prat\u0131p, toplu bir ayaklanmay\u0131 hedefleyen \u0130hsan Nuri\u2019nin askeri \u00f6nderli\u011findeki ayaklanma ayn\u0131 zamanda ilk K\u00fcrdistan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyand\u0131r. <\/p>\n Devlet, i\u015finin kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yo\u011fun destek alan, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc, disiplinli bir askeri g\u00fcce sahip bir hareketle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Halk hi\u00e7 eksik olmayan bask\u0131lar ve katliamlar alt\u0131nda patlama noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015f ve o an i\u00e7in kat\u0131lmasa da isyana b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sempatiyle bakmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n Devlet halk\u0131 aldatmak i\u00e7in daha \u00f6nceki isyanlardan dolay\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde ve hapiste olanlara 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir af daha \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu affa kar\u015f\u0131 Xoybun Cemiyeti, K\u00fcrtleri oyuna gelmemeye davet eder. <\/p>\n Devlet, direni\u015fi bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yolu dener. 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk devleti, \u0130hsan Nuri ile bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme d\u00fczenler ve ona y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revler teklif eder. \u0130hsan Nuri’nin bu teslimiyete kar\u015f\u0131 cevab\u0131, \u201cderhal T\u00fcrk devletinin K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131 bo\u015faltmas\u0131 ve K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n egemenli\u011fini tan\u0131mas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde olur. <\/p>\n 1930’a gelindi\u011finde Xoybun A\u011fr\u0131’y\u0131, “ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n bir vilayeti” ilan eder. Yerel y\u00f6netim olu\u015fturur, valiler ve m\u00fcd\u00fcrler atar. <\/p>\n 1930 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 19 Haziran\u2019\u0131n\u0131 20\u2019sine ba\u011flayan gece bir isyan daha ba\u015flar. \u0130ran’daki K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri, Zilan y\u00f6resi ve Ovac\u0131k k\u00f6y\u00fcnde sald\u0131r\u0131lara ge\u00e7er. T\u00fcrk hava g\u00fcc\u00fc A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 bombalamaya ba\u015flar. Devlet bildik propagandas\u0131n\u0131 o d\u00f6nemde de hayata ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. O d\u00f6nem ki Medya yalan makinesi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. “A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131”, “E\u015fk\u0131yan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc imha edildi” gibi yalan haberlerle s\u00fcslenir. <\/p>\n Bu arada K\u00fcrtler Hakk\u00e2ri\u2019nin \u015eemdinli ve Oramar il\u00e7esine de sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenler. Ger\u00e7ek, ne h\u00fck\u00fcmetin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi ne de bas\u0131n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibidir. \u0130syan sadece A\u011fr\u0131 ile kalmam\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere de yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgeler Bitlis’e kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n sonucunda 1700 T\u00fcrk askeri esir al\u0131n\u0131rken, bir\u00e7ok askeri malzeme ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk devleti, \u0130ran’\u0131 ikna ederek, direni\u015f\u00e7ileri s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 dener. Her taraftan direni\u015f\u00e7ileri sarmaya ba\u015flar. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lara \u0130hsan Nuri direni\u015fle cevap vermesine kar\u015f\u0131n, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda var olan daha sistemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e direni\u015f zay\u0131flar. Yine de her defas\u0131nda bitti denilen direni\u015f iki aya yak\u0131n s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n U\u00e7aklarla bombalanan A\u011fr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da tutularak isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi engellenir. Teslim ol \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na uyanlar olsa da, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluk teslim olmaz. 25 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019e kadar s\u00fcren direni\u015f A\u011fr\u0131’n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile yenilgiye u\u011frar. <\/p>\n D\u00f6nemin Adliye bakan\u0131 “dost d\u00fc\u015fman bilmeli ki, bu memleketin efendisi T\u00fcrklerdir! T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fay\u0131p damarlar\u0131nda temiz T\u00fcrk kan\u0131 olmayanlar\u0131n bir tek hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r u\u015fakl\u0131k ve esirlik!” der.<\/p>\n \u3000<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Devlet yeni bir \u201cMecburi \u0130sk\u00e2n kanunu haz\u0131rlayarak ger\u00e7ek y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc de ortaya koymaktan \u00e7ekinmez. Bask\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, k\u0131y\u0131m olmadan halk\u0131 y\u00f6netemeyece\u011fi bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1400 K\u00fcrt ailesi s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilir, \u00e7o\u011fu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yolunda katledilir.<\/p>\n A\u011fr\u0131 isyan\u0131 sonras\u0131 sindirmeye y\u00f6nelik katliamlar ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler sonucu bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki direni\u015f potansiyeli b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yer yer b\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fen irili ufakl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok ayaklanma ve direni\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bunlar herhangi bir etki g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip de\u011fildir ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Xoybun \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de fiilen i\u015flemez hale gelmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n Direni\u015f sonucunda, \u0130hsan Nuri \u0130ran’a ge\u00e7erken, 22 May\u0131s 1932’de A\u011fr\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131na kat\u0131lan 32 ki\u015fi \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130syan’\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen y\u00f6netici ve \u00f6nderleri yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na (\u0130ran, Irak ve Suriye’ye) \u00e7ekilirler. Yakalanan ya da teslim olan y\u00f6re a\u015firetlerine mensup 122 ki\u015fi Adana A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi’nde yarg\u0131lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Devam Edecek\u2026<\/p>\n<\/p>\n <\/font><\/font><\/p>\n K\u00fcrdistan Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi<\/p>\n <\/font><\/font><\/p>\n www.lekolin.org<\/span><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/a> – <\/span><\/font><\/font>www.navendalekolin.com<\/span><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/a> – <\/span><\/font><\/font>www.lekolin.net<\/span><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/a> \u2013 <\/span><\/font><\/font>www.lekolin.info<\/span><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/u><\/a><\/p>\n \t<\/p>\n